Application of Carbon Nanodots from Cocoa Husk Waste to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Cellulose-Carrageenan-Based Biodegradable Films

Fitri Nuraini Fadila, Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Ahmad Sapta Zuidar, Teguh Setiawan, Gustaf Triyoga, Jihan Allya Syahar, Hersan Pratama Ashari, Precillia Regitha, Fathan Khanifadin, Wulan Nur Aisyah, Dea Meranda, Zaskia Rahma Andini

Abstract


Biodegradable films made from natural materials such as cellulose and carrageenan are easily degradable but exhibit poor mechanical properties. Incorporating carbon nanodots (CDs) from cocoa husk waste has the potential to improve their mechanical properties. This study aimed to characterize CDs synthesized from cocoa husk waste and evaluate their mechanical properties of cellulose-carrageenan-based biodegradable films. The research stages include the isolation of cocoa husk cellulose, CDs synthesis, CDs characterization, biodegradable film preparation, and characterization of the mechanical properties of biodegradable films. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the treatment factor of CDs addition at six levels (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%) with three replicates. The results showed that the average size of cocoa husk CDs was 997 nm, and the absorbance peak was detected at 298 nm, validating that the CDs had been successfully synthesized with blue light emission. Incorporating CDs significantly affected the mechanical properties of the biodegradable film. Biodegradable cellulose-carrageenan-based films with the addition of CDs from cocoa husks had a thickness of 0.35–0.64 mm, tensile strength of 2.94–4.20 MPa, elongation of 36.51–63.28%, and elasticity of 6.00–9.45 MPa. The tensile strength and elongation values meet the JIS Z 1707 standard. Higher concentrations of CDs significantly improved tensile strength and elasticity, while reducing the thickness and elongation.


Keywords


biodegradable film; carbon nanodots; carrageenan; cellulose

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adu, R.E.Y., Gelyaman, G., & Kabosu, M. 2022. Pemanfaatan ekstrak antosianin dari limbah kulit bawang merah (Allium cepa) sebagai zat pemeka (sensitizer) pada dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Jurnal Penelitian Kimia. 18(1):103-111.

Dwandaru, W.S.B., Fadli, A.L., Sari, E.K., & Isnaeni. 2020. Cdots and cdots/s synthesis from nam-nam fruit (Cynometra cauliflora L.) via frying method using cooking oil. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures. 15(2):555-560

Elfino, J. & Dwandaru, W.S.B. 2022. Sintesis dan karakterisasi carbon nanodots berbahan dasar limbah biji kopi menggunakan metode pemanasan oven. Jurnal Ilmu Fisika dan Terapannya. 9(1):1-7.

ISO. 2019. ISO 527-1:2019 Plastics-Determination of Tensile Properties. ISO.

Japanese Standard Association. 2019. JIS Z 1707 - General rules of plastic films for food packaging. In JIS Z 1707 (pp. 1–9). Japanese Industrial Standard.

Khan, S., Dunphy, A., Anike, M.S., Belperain, S., Patel, K., Chiu, N.H.L., & Jia, Z. 2021. Recent advances in carbon nanodots: a promising nanomaterial for biomedical applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22(13):6786.

Khotimah, K., Ridlo, A., & Suryono, C.A. 2022. Sifat fisik dan mekanik bioplastik komposit dari alginat dan karagenan. Journal of Marine Research. 11(3):409-419.

Koshy, R.R., Koshy, J.T., Mary, S.K., Sadanandan, S., Jisha, S., & Pothan, L.A. 2021. Preparation of pH sensitive film based on starch/carbon nanodots incorporating anthocyanin for monitoring spoilage of pork. Food Control. 126(8):108039.

Kristian, A. & Wahyuni, S. 2022. Synthesis of the tangerine-based cdots and agnp-cdots composite. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science. 11(2):181-189.

Lee, W. & Ko, S. 2025. Synthesis and characterization of lignocellulose-based varbon quantum dots (CQDs) and their antimicrobial and antioxidant functionalities. Molecules. 30(3):667.

Marphongahtun, Pramudita, R., Gea, S., & Daulay, A. 2023. Synthesis of carbon dots from empty fruit bunch biochar an acid-free hydrothermal method. Elkawnie. 9(1):61-70.

Millah, S.F. & Dwandaru, W.S.B. 2024. Preparasi karakteristik carbon nanodots berbahan dasar limbah kulit jagung sebagai zat aditid pembuatan edible film. Jurnal Ilmu Fisika dan Terapannya. 11(1):72-84.

Mocci, F., Engelbrecht, L.D.V., Olla, C., Cappai, A., Casula, M.F., Melis, C., Stagi, L., Laaksonen, A., & Carbonaro, C.M. 2022. Carbon nanodots from an in silico perspective. Chemical Reviews. 124(13):13709-13799.

Nazibudin, N.A. 2022. Synthesis, Characterization and Optimization of Cocoa Pod Husk Carbon Quantum Dots. Tesis. Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Norman, A., Mohd Jaaffar, A.K., Jamaludin, N.S., Shirosaki, Y., Saad, N., & Abdullah, C.A.C. 2022. Cocoa pod husks as precursors for biosynthesis of carbon dots as potential bioimaging tool. International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 18(1):79-92.

Putra, M.N.A., Zahrani, N.A., Zahra, T.A., Bella, B.C., Hariyadi, A.G., Fadhila, D.S., Abiyyu, S.A.A., Firdausi, R.R.K., Justicio, M.N., Albar, A.K., & Firmansyah, P. 2025. Sampah plastik sebagai ancaman terhadap lingkungan. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Politik dan Sosial Indonesia. 2(1):154-165.

Putri, D.K. 2023. Pengaruh waktu sonikasi terhadap ukuran partikel, indeks polidipersitas dan zeta potensial pada fitosom ekstrak teh hijau. Indonesia Journal of Health Science. 3(2):403-408.

Rachmawati, A., Thohari, I., Awwaly, K.U.A., Apriliyani, M.W., & Widyastuti, E.S. 2023. Characteristics of biodegradable film as food product packaging based on casein, chitosan and gelatin. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review. 6(9):6434-6445.

Roy, S. & Rhim J.W. 2021. Gelatin-based film integrated with copper sulfide nanoparticles for active packaging applications. Appl Sci. 11(14):1-12.

Safira, A.B. & Purbasari, A. 2022. Optimization and characterization of biodegradable film based on glutinous flour/glycerol/chitosan/ZnO using response surface methodology (RSM)-central composite design (CCD). Journal of Scientific and Applied Chemistry. 25(10):368-381.

Sakti, D.I., Setyana, B., & Tauviqirrahman, M. 2023. Studi per perbandingan investigasi modulus elastisitas antara metode uji tarik dengan metode indentasi pada material styrene butadiene rubber 25 (SBR-25). Jurnal Teknik Mesin. 11(2):147-156.

Sanjiwani, N.M.S., Paramitha, D.A.I., Wibawa, A.A.C., Ariawan, I.M.D., Megawati, F., Dewi, N.W.T., Mariati, N.P.A.M., & Sudiarsa, I.W. 2020. Pembuatan hair tonic berbahaan dasar lidah buaya dan analisis dengan fourier transform infrared. Widyadari. 21(1):249-262.

Sari, D.A., Harfia, A.Z., & Heriyanti, A.P. 2023. Penyuluhan dan pelatihan pembuatan ecobrick di Desa Pulosaren sebagai upaya pemanfaatan sampah plastik. Jurnal Bina Desa. 5(1):45-53.

Sari, E.K., Sekartaji, D., Rahmah, N.A., & Dwandaru, W.S.B. 2020. Nanomaterial carbon nanodots berbahan dasar daun sirih (Piper betle L.) sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri S. mutans dan E. coli. Positron. 10(2):105-112.

Sari, E.K., Yulianti, E., Fauzi, F., & Dwandaru, W.S.B. 2023. A preliminary study on the luminescence of carbon nanodots formation prepared from thermally treated biologically active compounds via simple extraction method. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2556(1).

Sena, P.W., Putra, G.G., & Suhendra, L. 2021. Karakterisasi selulosa dari kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) pada berbagai konsentrasi hidrogen peroksida dan suhu proses bleaching. Jurnal Rekayasa dan Manajemen Agroindustri. 9(3):288-299.

Suheti, P. 2022. Film Bio-Nanokomposit Berbasis Gelatin dan Carbon Dots. Tesis. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Yudhanto, M.R.P. & Dwandaru, W.S.B. 2024. Sintesis dan karakterisasi carbon nanodots berbahan dasar limbah biji nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) sebagai fotokatalis zat warna congo red. Jurnal Ilmu Fisika dan Terapannya. 11(1):9-20.

Zaky, M.A., Pramesti, R., & Ridlo, A. 2021. Pengolahan bioplastik dari campuran gliserol, cmc dan karagenan. Journal of Marine Research. 10(3):321-326.

Zanjabila, D.A., Ridio. A., & Supriyantini, E. 2023. Karakteristik bioplastik berbahan karagenan-alginat-gliserol dengan penambahan BaCl2 sebagai crosslinker. Journal of Marine Research. 12(2):167-176.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1185-1191

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2025 Fitri Nuraini Fadila, Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Ahmad Sapta Zuidar, Teguh Setiawan, Gustaf Triyoga, Jihan Allya Syahar, Hersan Pratama Ashari, Precillia Regitha, Fathan Khanifadin, Wulan Nur Aisyah, Dea Meranda, Zaskia Rahma Andini



Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
ISSN 2089-6514 (paper) - ISSN 2540-9328 (online)
Published by Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity.

CC BY NC
This work is licensed under a CC BY-NC