Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry is an open access, peer-reviewed journal, published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry is published twice a year, in April and October. Starting from Volume 10 Number 1 2021, all manuscripts will be published online as soon as the revision is approved (no time constraints). This journal is published by the Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. Scientific feedback (short communication) is only received for manuscript, which criticize published article before. Manuscripts will be reviewed by managing editor and invited peer review according to their disciplines. The only articles written in English (U.S. English) are accepted for publication. Communications can be addressed to the Support Contact for accelerating evaluation. A letter of statement expressing that the author(s) is responsible for the original content of manuscript, the result for author(s)'s research and never been published must be attached.
Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity
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Antioxidant Activity Test of Ethanol Extract and Seburo Leaf Fraction (Garcinia forbesii King) in Male Wistar Rats Induced by CCl4
Seburo (Garcinia forbesii King) leaves have long been used in traditional medicine in Eastern Indonesia. Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated their significant antioxidant potential. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical composition and evaluate the in vivo antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts and solvent fractions of Seburo leaves using a CCl?-induced hepatotoxicity model in male Wistar rats. Antioxidant efficacy was assessed through measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, catalase enzyme activity, and both macroscopic and histopathological evaluation of liver tissue. Rats were divided into six groups: negative control (1% Na-CMC), positive control (vitamin C, 10 mg/kg BW), and four treatment groups receiving ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol-water fraction (each at 100 mg/kg BW). The n-hexane fraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with significantly lower MDA levels (0.748 ± 0.061 nmol/mL) and higher catalase activity (27.694 ± 1.135 U/mL), comparable to the positive control. Liver examination revealed reduced tissue damage in all treatment groups compared to the negative control. GC-MS analysis identified key terpenoid compounds in ethanol extract, namely, lupeol, ?-copaene, phytol, and friedelan-3-one, likely contributing to the antioxidant activity. N-hexane fraction has the most significant antioxidant activity among fractions, presumably as it contains the most diverse phytochemical profile. These findings support the therapeutic potential of Seburo leaf as a natural antioxidant agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salni, Vitri Agustiarini, Gina Nurhasana
Alteration of Metformin Pharmacokinetic Profile in Rats Exposed to a Low Dose of Chlorpyrifos Insecticide
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide widely used by farmers to control pests and has a broad spectrum of action. Research has shown that organophosphate pesticides can affect efflux pumps, specifically P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which can alter drug absorption and metabolism, indicating the potential risk of changes in a drug's pharmacokinetic profile, which could affect the effectiveness of drugs such as Metformin. This study investigated the impact of low-dose CPF exposure on the pharmacokinetic profile of Metformin, a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study used 16 rats to examine Metformin's pharmacokinetic profile and 12 for the creatinine clearance examination. The rats were divided into two groups: a control group given normal saline (+5% Tween 20) and a group given CPF 5 mg/kg BW/day, each administered for 7 days. Metformin was administered on day 8, and pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed using UV-HPLC by measuring metformin plasma levels at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours. Serum creatinine levels were examined in 12 rats using the Jaffe method on day 8 after treatment. The pharmacokinetic analysis showed that there was a change in the metformin profile following CPF administration: an increase in the area under the curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax), along with a decrease in time to peak concentration (Tmax), half-life (T½), clearance (Cl), and volume of distribution (Vd). Serum creatinine levels in the CPF-administered group increased significantly (p<0.05). Further research, including pharmacodynamic assessment and clinical trials, is recommended to guide therapeutic decisions in populations with pesticide exposure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Desie Dwi Wisudanti, Cholis Abrori, Elly Nuru Sakinah, Cicih Komariah, Supangat Supangat
The Effect of Nano Chitosan Xylotrupes Gideon on Fibroblast Proliferation and Collagen Deposition in the Oral Mucosa of Rattus norvegicus
Lacerations of the oral mucosa are a common clinical problem and require an efficient healing process. The wound healing process involves the haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation phases. During the proliferation phase, fibroblasts play an important role in migration and proliferation to produce collagen, which connects the wound's edges and provides strength and stability to the scar tissue that forms. Chitosan from the horned beetle (Xylotruphes gideon) contains active compounds that are thought to accelerate the healing process by increasing the activity of inflammatory cells and fibroblast proliferation. Physical modification into nanoparticles facilitates penetration into the mucosal layer, thereby accelerating collagen production and re-epithelialization. This study aimed to determine the effect of X. gideon nanokitosan administration on increasing fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation in vivo. The study was divided into five groups: positive control, negative control, and nano chitosan treatment at 3000, 1500, and 750µg/mL. All groups of experimental animals were previously given an injury to the right cheek mucosa with a No. 12 scalpel blade, and nano chitosan was administered topically. The increase in fibroblasts and collagen deposits was determined by HE and Masson's Trichrome staining on days 3, 7, and 14, which were observed microscopically and using ImageJ. The results showed a significant increase in fibroblasts on day 3 and collagen fibre deposition on day 14 in all treatment groups. The group with 750 ppm nano chitosan showed the best results in accelerating wound healing regarding fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition. Conclusion: Nano chitosan X. gideon at a concentration of 750 ppm effectively accelerates wound healing in the cheek mucosa of mice by increasing fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Komariah, Muhammad Orliando Roeslan, Rezky Anggraeni, Didi Nugroho Santosa, Aubrey Kanya Rennata
In Silico Study of Bioactive Compounds from Acalypha indica L. Interacting with the COX-2 Receptor as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Candidates
Acalypha indica L. is a medicinal herb traditionally used across Asia for treating inflammation-related conditions. Although several studies report anti-inflammatory activity in its extracts, little is known about the molecular interaction of its individual phytochemicals with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)—a validated therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. This study fills this gap by performing a comprehensive in silico analysis of 20 major bioactive compounds of A. indica using molecular docking, binding interaction profiling, and ADMET predictions. Docking against the COX-2 receptor (PDB: 3LN1) using AutoDock Vina revealed that rutin (-10.4 kcal/mol), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (-10.1 kcal/mol), quercetin (-9.6 kcal/mol), and luteolin (-9.3 kcal/mol) demonstrated strong predicted affinity and stable interactions with key residues Arg120, Tyr355, and Tyr385, comparable to celecoxib (-10.8 kcal/mol). ADMET profiling showed that aglycone flavonoids possessed more favorable drug-likeness properties than glycosides. These results suggest that A. indica contains multiple promising lead compounds for future COX-2 inhibition studies and highlight the molecular mechanisms supporting its ethnomedicinal use as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 (mrjp2) Gene in Apis cerana from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Indonesia is recognized as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, supporting a wide range of pollinating insects, including honey bee species of the genus Apis. Among these, Apis cerana is the most widely managed species and contributes significantly to national honey production, particularly in Sulawesi. However, the increasing economic value of honey has led to frequent cases of entomological origin fraud, in which honey is falsely labeled as being produced by a different bee species. This study aimed to determine the entomological origin of honey sold in Central Sulawesi using the Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 (mrjp2) gene as a molecular marker. Seven honey samples claimed as “forest honey” were analyzed through DNA extraction, PCR amplification using species-specific primers (CF-CR), and sequencing followed by BLAST-n analysis. All samples yielded high-quality DNA with purity ratios appropriate for PCR amplification. PCR successfully amplified the mrjp2 gene, producing fragments of approximately 201-208 bp, consistent with the expected size for A. cerana. Sequence analysis showed percent identity values ranging from 99.20% to 100% when compared with reference sequences of A. cerana. Based on molecular verification, three samples (H3, H5, and H7) did not match the seller’s claims and were confirmed to originate from A. cerana rather than A. dorsata binghami. These findings demonstrate that sequencing of the mrjp2 gene is an effective and reliable approach to authenticate the entomological origin of honey and to detect fraudulent labeling in commercial honey products.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, Akram, Yulia Windarsih, Abdul Ashari
In Silico Molecular Docking and ADMET Evaluation of Active Compounds from Acalypha indica L. Against the HER2 Breast Cancer Target
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide, and overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is associated with aggressive tumor progression, poor prognosis, and treatment resistance. Natural compounds are increasingly explored as safer anticancer candidates due to their structural diversity and lower toxicity profiles. Acalypha indica L., a traditional medicinal plant widely used in Asia, contains numerous phytochemicals with reported antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. This study investigates the binding affinity and pharmacokinetic potential of major A. indica phytochemicals against HER2 using in silico molecular docking and ADMET predictions. Twelve bioactive compounds were selected: quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, rutin, isoquercitrin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, esculetin, lupeol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and acalyphin. Docking was performed using AutoDock Vina against HER2 (PDB ID: 3PP0). Kaempferol (-10.2 kcal/mol), quercetin (-9.8 kcal/mol), and luteolin (-9.3 kcal/mol) showed the highest affinity, interacting strongly with key residues within the HER2 ATP-binding pocket. ADMET analysis indicated that kaempferol, quercetin, and luteolin possessed favorable oral bioavailability and safety characteristics. These findings suggest that A. indica contains promising HER2-targeting phytochemicals that warrant further investigation through in vitro and in vivo studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Rochmad Krissanjaya
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Miira-Cell, a Novel Nutraceutical, in Reducing High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia in Wistar Rats
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, often exacerbated by high-fat diets. Miira-Cell, a novel nutraceutical, has been developed to address this issue. This study evaluates the efficacy of Miira-Cell in mitigating hypercholesterolemia induced by high-fat diet in Wistar rats. Acute toxicity testing showed that Miira-Cell was safe, with an LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into six groups: normal control, high-fat diet control, and three groups receiving high-fat diets supplemented with low, medium, and high doses of Miira-Cell, respectively. A sixth group received Rosuvastatin as a positive control. After a 14-day treatment period following a 21-day high-fat diet, lipid profiles, liver biomarkers, oxidative stress markers, and cardiac tissue histopathology were assessed. The results showed that Miira-Cell significantly reduced triglycerides, VLDL, and total cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner, similar to Rosuvastatin. Both Miira-Cell and Rosuvastatin also lowered LDL levels. However, all treatment groups showed decreased HDL levels, which may indicate potential effects on HDL metabolism. Miira-Cell demonstrated hepatoprotective properties by reducing liver enzyme levels and oxidative stress. Histopathological analysis revealed tissue damage in the negative control group, while tissue integrity was preserved in Miira-Cell and Rosuvastatin-treated groups. In conclusion, Miira-Cell shows potential as a therapeutic agent for hypercholesterolemia and associated liver diseases, although further research is necessary to elucidate its mechanisms and clinical applicability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chioma Cordelia Ugwu, Stanley Obinna Ezeadichie, Okey John Nnamani, Osah Martins Onwuka, Chioma Marylyn Adilieje
Analysis of Vegetative Morphological Characteristics, Yield Potential, and Chemical Composition of Sweet Potato Lines (Ipomoea batatas L.) Resulting from Open Pollination with Ayamurasaki Female Parents
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is an important food crop in Indonesia with high potential to support food diversification, improve nutrition, and develop functional food products. The purple-fleshed variety (Ayamurasaki) is used as the female parent in breeding programs due to its high anthocyanin content. This study aimed to analyze the vegetative morphological characteristics, yield potential, and chemical composition of open-pollinated sweet potato lines using Ayamurasaki as the female parent. This study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of five lines, namely A19, A23, A39, A74, A84, and the Ayamurasaki variety as a control, with three replications. Observations were made on vegetative morphological parameters, tuber weight per plant, and chemical composition analysis. The results showed significant variations among the tested genotypes for all observed parameters. The A23 line showed superior performance, characterized by larger leaf size, larger stem diameter, high yield, and the highest anthocyanin content. Meanwhile, the A84 line showed potential for industrial use due to its relatively high carbohydrate and starch content. These findings provide valuable information for the further development of superior sweet potato lines with high productivity and better nutritional value to support future breeding programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Binsar Simarmata, Ratna Dewi, T. Imam Sofi'i
The Antioxidant Activity and Acute Toxicity of Jamu Cekok: Kidney Histopathology Analysis of Female Wistar
Jamu cekok is a traditional Indonesian herbal remedy for toddlers to improve appetite. While previous studies have shown benefits such as weight gain, its antioxidant activity and safety profile remain underexplored. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential and acute toxicity of jamu cekok, composed of Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, and Kaempferia galanga. Extracts were extracted with Aquadest and n-hexane, and antioxidant activity was assessed via the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Results showed weak antioxidant activity in both extracts (IC50: 481.59 ppm for decoction, 127.12 ppm for n-hexane), lower than some individual herbs. Moreover, an acute toxicity tests followed OECD 425 guidelines using female Wistar rats. No mortality occurred at doses up to 5,000 mg/kgBW, categorizing it as practically non-toxic. However, elevated creatinine levels and histopathological kidney changes, including degeneration and Bowman’s capsule dilation, were observed at higher doses. These findings suggest jamu cekok is safe at high doses but may induce temporary renal effects. Further research is needed to optimize formulations and evaluate long-term safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Puji Astuti, Virhan Novianry
Production and Evaluation of Mosquito Repellent Dhoop from Orange Peels oil
This study explores the extraction of limonene oil from orange peels using Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether as the solvent, yielding 9.88%. The limonene oil was utilized to formulate a natural mosquito repellent dhoop by incorporating turmeric, camphor, and activated charcoal. Evaluation methods including cage tests, mosquito landing tests, fume tests, toxicity tests, and skin irritability tests demonstrated the dhoop’s effectiveness in repelling mosquitoes, its non toxic nature, and its safety for human use. Infrared (IR) spectral analysis confirmed the presence of key functional groups, such as terpenoids and phenolic compounds, contributing to the dhoop’s repellant efficacy. The study highlights the potential of orange peel waste as a sustainable source for natural repellents, promoting eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic products. The findings underscore the dhoop’s effectiveness, safety, and environmental sustainability, offering a viable solution for mosquito control and waste valorization. Recommendations include scaling up production, optimizing formulations, and exploring additional applications of limonene oil.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Hussaini, Hussaina Aminu Ibrahim, Abdullahi Jibril Musa
Molecular Docking and In Vitro Antibacterial Properties of Several Chalcone Derivatives
Chalcones are flavonoid-derived secondary metabolites known for diverse biological activities, including antibacterial effects. This study investigates the antibacterial properties of two chalcone derivatived i.e. 4-dimethylamino-4-hydroxychalcone (DMAHC) and 6-fluoro-2-chloro-4-hydroxychalcone (FCHC) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli through integrated in vitro and in silico analyses. Antibacterial activity assessed using the agar diffusion method at concentrations of 1; 5; and 10% (w/v) revealed that DMAHC exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of both bacterial species, whereas FCHC demonstrated activity only against S. aureus. Molecular docking was performed using target proteins from S. aureus (1MWT) and E. coli (7ONW). Both chalcones were capable of binding to the active-site residues of the respective proteins; however, DMAHC showed a more favorable binding affinity toward E. coli (deltaG = -7.04 kcal/mol) compared to FCHC (deltaG = -6.75 kcal/mol). Despite its negative binding energy, FCHC failed to inhibit E. coli in vitro, likely due to reduced membrane permeability associated with its halogen substituents. Overall, the combined results highlight DMAHC as a more promising antibacterial candidate than FCHC, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria, and underscore the importance of electron-donating substituents in enhancing chalcone bioactivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Susy Yunita Prabawati, Priyagung Dhemi Widiakongko, Kurniawan Eka Yuda, Agianti Sugiyati
LC-MS Analysis of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griff.) Stem Bark and Molecular Docking Study against HER2 Protein
Breast cancer is a disease that has long been a source of concern for the public due to its high mortality rate. Excessive exposure to free radicals has been identified as a potential carcinogen, thus necessitating the utilization of antioxidants to counteract the damaging effects of these molecules. Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griff.) is a plant that is commonly found in Java, Sumatra, Maluku, and Kalimantan. B. macrophylla is known to have strong antioxidant activity, which is correlated with anticancer activity. A part of B. macrophylla that has not been extensively researched is its stem bark. The objective of this study was to analyze the potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of B. macrophylla stem bark as an anticancer agent using in silico method. The ethyl acetate fraction of B. macrophylla stem bark was characterized by LC-MS, which revealed four major compounds: 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-chromen-2-one, 1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one, 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 2-nitrobenzoic acid. Molecular docking was performed between the compounds against the HER2 protein with PDB ID 3RCD. The four compounds demonstrated binding energy values of -8.29 kcal/mol, -5.04 kcal/mol, -4.66 kcal/mol, and -4.28 kcal/mol, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Junia Salsha Primawati, Sriwijayanti, Boima Situmeang, Siti Safuroh, Yuke Agustin
Effect of Soot Particulate Exposure on Placental Malondialdehyde Levels, Placental Weight and Pregnancy Outcomes in Rats (Ratus novergicus)
Particulate Soot, a product of incomplete combustion processes from industry, fuel emissions and other combustion products, is a component of air pollutants known to be hazardous to health because it is cytotoxic. Adverse health effects depend on the length of exposure and levels in the air, through oxidative stress mechanisms its toxicity affects all body systems including the reproductive system. The placenta, which plays an important role in the growth and development of the fetus, is known to be susceptible to damage in oxidative stress events, affecting pregnancy outcomes. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, is often used to assess the level of oxidative stress. However, the effects of soot particulate exposure on placental MDA levels and pregnancy outcomes remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of soot particulate exposure on placental MDA levels, and its effect on placental weight and pregnancy outcome of rats (Rattus norvegicus). Pregnant rats were divided into a control group and 4 experimental groups. The experimental groups were exposed to soot particulates at concentrations of 532 mg/m³ and 1064 mg/m³ for 4 and 8 hours per day throughout gestation, while the control group was exposed to clean air in the chamber. Placental tissues were collected at the end of pregnancy, weighed and examined for MDA levels using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Pregnancy outcomes such as fetus weight, fetus length, number of live fetuses and number of intra-uterine deaths were measured and recorded, then statistically analysed. Placental MDA levels in all exposure groups increased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.05), indicating oxidative stress. Observations in the exposed groups showed a decrease in placental weight, fetal weight, fetal length, number of live fetuses and increased intrauterine death compared to the control group significantly (p < 0.05). Placental MDA levels had a significant effect on placental weight, and pregnancy outcome, the greater the dose and duration of exposure the worse the pregnancy outcome of rats. These findings suggest that exposure to particulate soot causes oxidative stress in placental tissues, resulting in poor pregnancy outcomes. Revealing the potential risks of particulate pollution on reproductive health and foetal development, further research is needed on the mechanism of exposure to find the best solution.
Evaluation of Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Activities of Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod. (Acanthaceae) Leaf Extract
There is a growing interest in the therapeutic potentials of natural products and the mounting need to ensure their safety and efficacy. Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod. (Acanthaceae) is one of such medicinal plants used traditionally to treat various diseases in Nigeria. The leaf extract was investigated for genotoxic and cytotoxic effects using Allium cepa test. The effect of the Eremomastax speciosa leaf extract on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa bulb was investigated using onion bulbs exposed to varying concentrations of the extract (2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) for macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Tap water was used as a negative control and Methotrexate (0.1 mg/ml) was used as a positive control. There was statistically significant (p< 0.05) inhibition of root growth depending on concentration by the extract when compared with the negative control group. All the tested concentrations of extract were observed to have cytotoxic effects on cell division in A. cepa. The extract-induced chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei (MNC) formations in A. cepa root tip cells were significant (p<0.05) when compared with control group. The extract treatment further induced cell death, ghost cells, cells membrane damage, and binucleated cells. These results suggest that the leaf extract of Eremomastax speciosa possess cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa root meristem cells.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chinyelu Clementina Osigwe, Jude Efiom Okokon, Ugonma Florence Uwaeme, Ijeoma Lilian Ebere
Anchovy Rice Nuggets and Straw Mushroom with Porang Flour Substitution to Prevent Stunting
Stunting is one of the chronic nutritional problems in toddlers that remains highly prevalent in Indonesia. Prevention efforts can be carried out through the innovation of functional foods based on nutrient-rich local ingredients. This study aimed to determine the effect of porang flour substitution on the hedonic quality, toddler panelists’ acceptance, and nutritional composition of anchovy rice and straw mushroom nuggets. The study used an experimental design with three formulas: P1 (60% anchovy rice, 25% straw mushroom, 20% porang flour), P2 (60% anchovy rice, 20% straw mushroom, 25% porang flour), and P3 (60% anchovy rice, 15% straw mushroom, 30% porang flour). Hedonic and hedonic quality tests were conducted on 25 toddler panelists, while proximate analysis included moisture, ash, fat, protein, crude fiber, and carbohydrate content. The results showed that P1 obtained the highest scores and was most preferred in terms of color, aroma, taste, and texture. Proximate analysis also showed that P1 had the highest protein content (6.81%) with 65.82% moisture, 1.56% fat, 2.33% ash, 0.95% crude fiber, and 23.47% carbohydrates. Meanwhile, the increased substitution of porang flour in P3 reduced sensory quality and protein levels, although it increased fiber and carbohydrates. Therefore, P1 can be considered the best formula because it achieved the highest acceptance and provided more suitable nutrients to support the improvement of toddlers’ nutritional status. This study highlights that the utilization of local food ingredients such as anchovy rice, straw mushrooms, and porang flour has the potential to serve as an innovative strategy for stunting prevention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Junendri Ardian, Anisah, Widani Darma Isasih, M. Thonthowi Jauhari
Sustainable Valorization of Corncob Residues through Green Lignin Extraction for Functional Sunscreen Applications
Corncob residues represent an abundant agricultural biomass rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignin, an aromatic biopolymer containing benzene and ketone functional groups, exhibits inherent ultraviolet (UV) absorption, positioning it as a promising bio-based ingredient for sustainable sunscreen formulations. In this study, lignin was extracted from corncob residues—comprising 18.5% hemicellulose, 23.5% cellulose, and 16.5% lignin—using a green deep eutectic solvent (DES) system composed of choline chloride and citric acid, and benchmarked against conventional alkaline extraction using NaOH. FTIR analysis revealed attenuated peak intensities in DES-extracted lignin, indicating lower recovery and partial structural alteration relative to the NaOH-derived counterpart. Extraction yields were 10.06% for the DES method and 16.19% for the NaOH method. Sunscreen formulations containing 2%, 3%, and 4% lignin exhibited appreciable UV absorption, particularly within the UVA region, with the highest performance observed at 4% lignin loading. These results highlight the feasibility of valorizing corncob biomass through environmentally benign lignin extraction to produce functional bio-based materials for sustainable sunscreen applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Teguh Pambudi, Hilman Imadul Umam, Fajar Amelia Rachmawati Putri, Alifa Rahma Zuhri, Nanda Aurelia Salsabila S., Melisa Nur Halimah, Sheryl Ayesha Bruning, Elzandra Imola Vioniken
In Silico Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from Imperata cylindrica as Potential EGFR Inhibitors in Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer remains a major cause of death in women globally. Conventional treatments often result in toxicity and resistance, prompting interest in natural alternatives. Imperata cylindrica has demonstrated potential anticancer activity, but its molecular interaction with EGFR in cervical cancer remains unexplored. Objective This study employed an in-silico approach to evaluate the potential of bioactive compounds from I. cylindrica as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. Methods: An in-silico study was conducted using molecular docking using AutoDock v4.2.6 to assess the binding affinity of I. cylindrica bioactive compounds toward EGFR. Docking validation used redocking. ADMET predictions were performed using pkCSM and ProTox-II to evaluate pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and drug-likeness properties. Results: Jatrorrhizine, curcumin, and 5-hydroxyflavone showed strong binding to EGFR (?G: –8.00 to –7.67 kcal/mol) with key interactions at Asp855 and Lys745. These compounds also exhibited good oral absorption and low toxicity. Arundoin showed the highest affinity (–8.57 kcal/mol) but poor ADMET characteristics, reducing its therapeutic potential. Conclusion: Jatrorrhizine, curcumin, and 5-hydroxyflavone show potential as EGFR inhibitors, warranting further experimental validation and development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Farid, Hanin Fitri Aqilanisa, Jihan Aqila Najwa Ulayya, Gylda Shareefa Carent Nissiara, Murni Ramadhani, Ardestya Rastrani
In Silico Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Acalypha indica L. Compounds Against Staphylococcus aureus DNA Gyrase Protein
Flavonoids from Acalypha indica exhibit potential antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, particularly through inhibition of DNA gyrase B. This study evaluated molecular interactions of mauritanin, acalyphin, quercetin, and kaempferol using in silico approaches, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and ADMET prediction. Docking results showed that mauritanin had the lowest binding energy (-8.5 kcal/mol) and formed stable interactions with key residues in the active site, corroborated by 50 ns molecular dynamics simulations. Pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness predictions indicated that mauritanin and acalyphin had favorable profiles, with high gastrointestinal absorption and low toxicity risk. The other flavonoids showed higher permeability across the central nervous system, potentially beneficial for CNS-targeted therapies. These findings support mauritanin as a promising lead compound for novel antibacterial agent development, warranting further in vitro and in vivo validation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
Analysis of Medicinal Plant Potential in the Nglanggeran, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta
Indonesia has abundant biodiversity with thousands of plant species traditionally used as medicine. The role of medicinal plants is increasingly recognised amid the trend of returning to nature and seeking more sustainable health solutions. Nglanggeran has a physical, chemical, and biotic environment that differs significantly from other ancient volcanoes in Indonesia. This situation is one of the reasons for Nglanggeran's unique flora. This study aimed to identify medicinal plants in Nglanggeran. The methods used in this study were surveys and exploration. The study results show that there are 21 families and 35 plant species with medicinal properties in Nglanggeran. The Euphorbiaceae family has the most medicinal plants. The most common habitus of medicinal plant species found in Nglanggeran is shrub. Leaves are the most widely used part of medicinal plants for treatment. Based on a literature review, most medicinal plants in Nglanggeran have undergone phytochemical testing. The compounds most commonly found in these plants are flavonoids and alkaloids.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hikmah Supriyati, Widodo
Fatty Acids and Its Derivatives from the Extracts of Ficus mucoso Leaves
The n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Ficus mucoso leaves were screened for the presence of metabolites, using column and thin-layer chromatographic techniques. Dodec-6-enoic acid (1), methyl hexadecanoate (2), hexadec-9-enoic acid (3), and ethyl tetradecanoate (4) were obtained from the extracts of F. mucoso leaves. These compounds were confirmed via 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and available published literature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulmumeen Amao Hamid, Godshelp Osas Egharevba, Shuaib Bolaji Issa, Oluwafeyikemi Mercy Olalere, Bukunmi Temitope Akinloye, Yakub Tunde Yakub, O. Sulyman Ibrahim, Idris Umar, Habeebulahi Ajibola Adekilekun, Idris Olatunji Sanusi, Abdullahi Alhaji Ahmad
Development of siRNA-Based Therapeutic Strategy Targeting Virulence Factor lpfA of Zoonotic Escherichia coli O157:H7
This study aimed to identify potential small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules capable of silencing the lpfA virulence gene of Escherichia coli O157:H7, a zoonotic pathogen responsible for severe gastrointestinal disease. The nucleotide sequence of lpfA from E. coli O157:H7 strain Sakai was analyzed, and candidate siRNAs were designed using multiple bioinformatics tools, including siPRED, siRNA Scales, MaxExpect, and DuplexFold. Top ten selected siRNA candidates demonstrated high predicted inhibitory activity, with silencing efficiencies ranging from 93.73% to 94.66%. Secondary structure predictions indicated stable folding without inhibitory intramolecular structures, while binding energy analysis showed strong siRNA–mRNA duplex stability, with the best candidate exhibiting -26.5 kcal/mol. These findings suggest that the identified siRNAs possess strong theoretical potential to suppress lpfA expression and may serve as candidates for future experimental validation. Overall, this study provides a foundational step toward developing siRNA-based therapeutic strategies targeting key virulence factors of E. coli O157:H7.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rian Ka Praja, Oktaviani Naulita Turnip, Hanasia Hanasia, Reny Rosalina
Medicinal Plant Use by Traditional Healers in the Muaro Jambi Temple Complex
Traditional medicinal knowledge plays an essential role in community health practices, yet much of it remains undocumented and at risk of being lost. This study investigated the ethnobotanical knowledge of traditional healers in the cultural landscape surrounding Candi Muaro Jambi, Indonesia. From April to July 2025, interviews were conducted with seven key informants recognized for their expertise in traditional healing. Information on plant names, parts used, preparation methods, routes of application, and treated ailments was collected and verified through botanical identification. A total of 98 medicinal plant species were documented, with leaves most frequently used (45.9%), followed by fruits, stems, seeds, bark, or latex (30.6%), and roots, rhizomes, or tubers (23.5%). Boiling was the predominant preparation method, valued for its simplicity and effectiveness in extracting water-soluble compounds. The recorded remedies addressed a wide spectrum of health conditions, including infections, inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and respiratory problems, applied both orally and topically. These findings highlight the cultural importance and pharmacological potential of local ethnomedicinal practices, providing a valuable foundation for future drug discovery and biodiversity conservation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Helman Kurniadi, Aminuddin Aminuddin, Fitria Heldiana
Phytochemical Composition and Antibacterial Potential of Vitex trifolia L. Against Pneumonia Causing Bacteria
This study investigated the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Vitex trifolia L. (Legundi) in response to the increasing need for alternative therapeutic agents against pneumonia-causing bacteria. The research aimed to evaluate secondary metabolite distribution across roots, stem bark, leaves, and fruits, and to assess their effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. A laboratory-based experimental design was employed, involving maceration extraction using 70% ethanol, qualitative phytochemical screening, and antibacterial testing through the agar well diffusion method at multiple extract concentrations. Results reveal that all plant parts contain flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids, with terpenoids present in bark and fruits. Leaves and fruits exhibited the strongest antibacterial responses, particularly at 80% and 100% concentrations, reflecting their richer phytochemical profiles. S. aureus showed the highest susceptibility, followed by S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae, consistent with differences in bacterial cell-wall structure. These findings demonstrate Legundi’s potential as a natural antibacterial agent, provide new insights into plant-part variation and dose-dependent effects, and strengthen the scientific foundation for developing plant-based therapeutic alternatives. Further research on compound isolation, quantitative assays, and in vivo validation is recommended to enhance the clinical relevance of these results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Ayu Aprilia Mustariani, Mutazam Multazam, Wirdatul Suryanah, Viki Nihayatussa'adah
Analysis of Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) Levels in Rats Given Jamu Cekok Decoction
Jamu cekok is a traditional medicine used by Indonesians, especially children to increase appetite. However, the safety test of jamu cekok on liver function using Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) as parameters has never been evaluated. This study aimed to determine the effect of jamu cekok on liver function by assessing SGOT and SGPT levels in rats subjected to acute toxicity. The study employed an analytical experimental design with the OECD 425 method. The test rats used were 12, divided into a control group, a 2000 mg/kg BW treatment group and a 5000 mg/kg BW treatment group. The treatment of jamu cekok decoction was given once on the first day of the acute toxicity test and was observed for 14 days. SGOT and SGPT levels were measured and analyzed using one-way ANOVA to assess differences between groups. Through this study, observations of behavior and body weight over the 14 days showed no signs of toxicity or mortality. The LD50 value was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg BW, which is categorized as practically non-toxic. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc tests revealed no significant differences in SGOT levels between the control and treatment groups (p>0,05). Similarly, SGPT levels also showed no significant difference (p>0,05) between groups. These findings indicate that he administration of jamu cekok at a dose of 2000 mg/kg BW and 5000 mg/kg BW does not induce toxic effects on liver function, as reflected by SGOT and SGPT measurements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Risya Alfhadillah, Puji Astuti, Sari Rahmayanti, Virhan Novianry
Virgin Coconut Oil and Folic Acid Improve Insulin Signaling and Cardiac Function in Rotenone Induced Stunted Zebrafish Larvae
Stunting is a chronic growth disorder caused by prolonged nutritional deficiencies and environmental stress, resulting in reduced height for age. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are increasingly recognized as key contributors to impaired growth and cardiometabolic instability during early development. This study investigated the potential protective effects of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and folic acid on insulin signaling and cardiac finction in a rotenone induced stunted zebrafish larval model. A laboratory experimental study with a true experimental post test only controlled group design was conducted among 30 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) for Irs gene expression at 9 day post fertilization (dpf) as samples per tube, heart rate was measured at 3, 6, and 9 dpf. The total group treatment was five with inclusion and exclusion criterias, negative control (NC), positive control exposed to rotenone (12.5 ppb), VCO treatment (6.25%), folic acid treatment (70 µM), and a combination of VCO and folic acid. Variables assessed in this study included heart rate and insulin receptor substrate (Irs) were evaluated using real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27 for windows. Rotenone significantly reduced Irs expression compared with negative control (0.272 ± 0.128 vc 1.014 ± 0.187; p<0.001). Treatment with VCO (0.678 ± 0.250), folic acid (0.676 ± 0.191), and their combination (0.695 ± 0.231) increased Irs expression relative to the rotenone group (p<0.05), although no significant differences were observed among the treatment groups. Rotenone also elevated heart rate at 9 dpf (236.9 ± 19.2 bpm) compared with the negative control (163.7 ± 10.1 bpm), whereas treatment groups showed improved cardiac parameters. These findings highlight the potential of nutritional interventions targeting mitochondrial oxidative stress to support recovery of insulin signaling and improve metabolic stability in stunting related conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syahana Aini, Farica Emiliana, Hanida Aisyah Ardiana, Nurdiana, Ariani, Brigitta Ida Resita Vebrianti Corebima
In Vitro Assessment of the Antibacterial Activity of Sapindus rarak (Lerak) and Its Influence on Cellular Immune Markers During Escherichia coli Infection
Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli remains a major public health concern, prompting interest in plant-derived compounds with both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Sapindus rarak (lerak) extract and its influence on macrophage cytokine responses during E. coli stimulation. Lerak pericarp extract was prepared using 70% ethanol and tested against E. coli ATCC 25922 using broth microdilution. Immunomodulatory effects were assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages exposed to heat-killed E. coli, followed by treatment with sub-MIC concentrations of the extract. The results showed moderate antibacterial activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 microgram/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 500 microgram/mL. Cell viability exceeded 90% at 50–100 microgram/mL, confirming suitability for immunological assays. Lerak significantly reduced TNF-alpha and IL-6 production while increasing IL-10 levels, indicating suppression of excessive inflammation and enhancement of regulatory responses. These findings suggest that S. rarak possesses dual antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties, highlighting its potential as a complementary therapeutic candidate for managing E. coli infections where inflammation contributes to disease severity.
Molecular Identification and Characterization of Lipase-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Wawolesea Hot Spring, Southeast Sulawesi
The Wawolesea hot spring in Southeast Sulawesi represents an extreme ecosystem characterized by high temperature and salinity, providing a potential habitat for thermo-halophilic bacteria that produce industrial enzymes, particularly lipase. Here, we carried out molecular identification of lipase-producing bacteria isolated from the Wawolesea hot spring using 16S rRNA gene analysis. The sequence comparison showed that isolate K.111 was the most closely related to Bacillus thuringiensis. This supports the hypothesis that the Wawolesea hot spring harbors thermo-halophilic bacterial communities with potential applications in industrial biocatalysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sapto Raharjo, Muhammad Azwar Syah, Andi Tantri, Tien, Lina Lestari
Harnessing Blighia sapida as a Source of Novel Antimicrobials: Activity of Crude and Fractionated Extracts Against MDR Pathogens
The rapid proliferation of multidrug-resistant pathogens has elevated antimicrobial resistance to a global crisis, necessitating the search for alternative antimicrobial sources. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of crude and fractionated extracts of Blighia sapida against selected multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates. The crude extract was prepared by maceration and subsequently fractionated using solvents of varying polarity. Antibacterial activity was assessed through standard microbiological assays, and phytochemical constituents were profiled using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The crude extract exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones increasing in a concentration-dependent manner. Escherichia coli was the most susceptible (20.0 mm at 100 mg/mL), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.0 mm), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 25–50 mg/mL. Fractionation produced varied activities: the n-hexane fraction demonstrated minimal inhibition (?10 mm), the ethanolic fraction showed moderate activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, and K. pneumoniae (5–10 mm), while the aqueous fraction was the most active, particularly against A. baumannii (11.0 mm) and E. coli (10.0 mm). Fraction MICs were higher (50–>100 mg/mL), indicating reduced potency compared to the crude extract. HPLC analysis identified kaempferol, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and caffeine as major constituents. These findings demonstrate that B. sapida possesses promising antimicrobial phytochemicals and highlight its potential as a valuable plant-based source for combating MDR bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Olumide Oluyele, Precious Temidayo Bimboye
Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Extract of Maggot Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Animal Feed
This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile of Hermetia illucens (BSF) maggot extract as a potential sustainable ingredient for animal feed. Lipid extraction was performed using a modified Bligh and Dyer method by substituting chloroform with n-hexane to ensure safer and environmentally friendly processing. Proximate analysis revealed that BSF maggots contained 29.36% crude protein, 43.76% crude fat, 9.27% ash, 19.94% crude fiber, and a low moisture content of 3.06%, indicating high nutritional density and storage stability. XRF and qualitative tests confirmed significant mineral content, particularly CaO, K?O, and P?O?, with no detectable heavy metals or harmful contaminants, supporting their safety for feed applications. Microscopic analysis showed particle sizes ranging from 2,000-10,000 nm, classifying the material as a nanostructured biomass. The FAME profile demonstrated a diverse composition dominated by 9-octadecenoic acid (10.92%), triacontane (8.87%), octadecanoic acid (7.65%), and heptacosanoic acid (7.17%). Key medium- and long-chain fatty acids such as dodecanoic acid (C12:0), elaidic acid (C18:1), and stearic acid (C18:0) were also detected, indicating the suitability of BSF lipids as an energy-dense feed component with oxidative stability. Overall, the biochemical and structural characteristics obtained in this study highlight BSF maggots as a promising, nutrient-rich, and environmentally sustainable ingredient for animal feed formulations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Risalatul Fathimah, Dika Putra Wijaya, Amirotul Muniroh, Sumari, Danar, Nilna Inayatan Nafiah, Fatimah Az-Zahra, Aura Gitta Zhafirah, Grestya Dienda Monicha, Marendha Salma Sajidah, Juwita Oktaviani, Fina Kharisma Musallamah, Putri Rizky Febrianti
The Effect of Methanol Concentrations Against Phenolic Total Content and Antioxidant of Balakacida Leaves (Chromolaena odorata)
The balakacida plant with the Latin name Chromolaena odorata is a plant that lives in a tropical climate. The balakacida plant is a plant of the Asteraceae Family. Phytochemical tests on balakacida leaves showed the presence of secondary metabolites of the tannin, phenol, flavonoid, saponin and steroid groups. This study aims to extract balakacida leaves and test the total phenolic and antioxidant content. Sample extraction was carried out by the maceration method using methanol solvent. Testing of total phenolic content using the Folin Ciocalteu method, while testing of antioxidant content using the DPPH method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the concentration of methanol solvent significantly affected the acquisition of total phenolics and antioxidants. The highest total phenolic content was obtained at a methanol extract concentration of 80% of 145.64 mg GAE/g. For antioxidant content, a methanol extract concentration of 60% showed the highest activity with an average DPPH % inhibition of 59.77%. It can be concluded that a methanol extract concentration of 60% is the optimal concentration to produce balakacida leaf extract with the best antioxidant activity, although not with the highest total phenolic content.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sriwijayanti, Ahmad Firdaus, Boima Situmeang, Holisha Widiyanto, Dian Susvira
Antibacterial Innovation of Iron Nanoparticles from Pomegranate Peel Extract (Punica granatum L.): an In Vitro Study
Iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) were synthesized from pomegranate peel extract using ethanol as a solvent. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized Fe-NPs against pathogenic bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) was assessed using the well diffusion method. The morphology, structure, size, and atomic distribution on the surface of Fe-NPs were characterized using SEM-EDS, UV-Vis, and FTIR spectroscopy. Different pH conditions (5, 7, and 9) were investigated as experimental factors for Fe-NPs preparation. The results revealed mostly irregular spherical shapes with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 89 nm, with the smallest size observed at pH 9. UV-Vis spectra confirmed the formation of Fe-NPs, appearing in the UV region around 230-295 nm. FTIR spectra indicated the presence of polyphenolic compounds from the pomegranate peel extract, which facilitated Fe-NPs stabilization and acted as bioreductants. Upon reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(0), oxidation of O-H and C-O functional groups occurred. The diameters of inhibition zones against the tested bacteria were 16 mm at pH 5, 13 mm at pH 7, and 15 mm at pH 9, indicating strong antibacterial activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shofia Jannatul Ma'rifah, Nur Azizah, Zahrotul Jamilah, Thoifatus Syarivah, Nabiilah Rifda Harmono Putri, Majida Ramadhan, Gatra Ervi Jayanti
Antibacterial Actinomycetes from Tropical Ecosystem Karst in South Sulawesi: Isolation, Characterization, and Bioactive Metabolite Profiling
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens reinforces the critical need for new antibiotics sourced from unexplored microbial habitats. Actinomycetes remain the most prolific bacterial producers of bioactive secondary metabolites, yet tropical karst ecosystems and plant-associated rhizospheres in Indonesia remain poorly investigated despite their ecological complexity. This study aimed to isolate, screen, and characterize Actinomycetes from the karst and rhizospheric environments of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and to identify isolates capable of producing antibacterial compounds. A total of 42 isolates were obtained using heat-shock pretreatment and selective Starch Casein Agar. Preliminary antagonistic assays against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 identified four active isolates. Two isolates KMR 1E2 and SDR 2a exhibited strong inhibition (>30 mm) against S. aureus, while SDR 9.9 inhibited E. coli. Morphological and phenotypic characterization revealed diverse spore-chain architectures, colony color profiles, carbon and nitrogen utilization patterns, salinity tolerance, melanin production, and variable growth under different pH and temperature conditions. Ethyl acetate extracts of KMR 1E2 and SDR 2a demonstrated potent antibacterial activity, and TLC-bioautography identified three active metabolites (Rf 0.73, 0.48, 0.34), with the Rf 0.34 spot associated with an alkaloid-type compound. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of KMR 1E2 extract against S. aureus was 0.3125 mg/mL. This study confirms that tropical karst ecosystems in Indonesia are promising reservoirs of antibiotic-producing Actinomycetes and provides a foundation for future genomic and chemical elucidation studies
Copyright (c) 2026 Alimuddin Ali, Pasmawati Pasmawati, Rukman Muslimin, Alnadia Yusriya Hibatullah, Deni Frans Sakka, Christina Aryanti Pada Soa, Kusdianawati Buhaerah, Muharram Passitta
Haematological Modulation Associated with Sub-Chronic Oral Administration of Extracts of Simarouba glauca (Paradise tree) in Male Wister Rats: A Comparative Study
Simarouba glauca has been reported to possess various bioactive compounds with therapeutic potentials; with paucity of data on safety; hence, the study aimed to evaluate the effects of aqueous, ethanol and methanol leaf extracts of Simarouba glauca on hematological indices of male Wistar rats. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD), No. 425; with a total of thirty male Wistar rats; divided into ten groups of n >= 3. Experimental rats were administered Simarouba glauca Leaf extracts at 500, 1000 and 2000 mgkg-1 body weight, respectively; while the control group received feed and water only ad libitum daily for 30 days. Selected hematological indices were evaluated. Groups administered respective doses of ethanol and methanol leaf extracts demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent elevation of red blood cell; significant (p< 0.05) rise in the white blood cell count of groups administered aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts respectively at high doses; whereas, at 500 mgkg-1 of respective extracts, there were no differences (p > 0.05) in white blood cell count. Monocytes increased (p < 0.05) in groups administered respective doses of the extracts; while lymphocytes increased in groups administered respective doses of ethanol extract. Although, the extracts elicited alterations in white blood cells at higher doses; extract(s) did not induce anemia. Interestingly, extracts stimulated marked increases in red blood cell counts; an indication of the seemingly erythropoietic potentials of the extracts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ishaq Sammydavies E. Osagie-Eweka, Khadijah A. Isimekhai
Kinetic Release Models of Nitrogen and Iron from Chitosan-Biochar Based Slow Release Fertilizers
The use of slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) is increasingly recognized as a sustainable method to enhance nutrient-use efficiency. This study utilized nitrogen from urea and Fe from iron sand, both encapsulated in chitosan–biochar matrices through NaOH-induced solidification to form bead-type SRFs. Four formulations with different biochar–urea ratios were prepared: A (CB2U2Fe), B (CB3U2Fe), C (CB3U3Fe), and D (CB2U3Fe). Bead morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while nitrogen and Fe release behavior was evaluated after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days under soil percolation. Release patterns were modeled using pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), Weber–Morris, and Elovich kinetics. SEM results showed that chitosan–biochar–urea beads (BCB@N) contained numerous voids and surface cracks, indicating a porous microstructure. In contrast, chitosan–biochar–urea–Fe beads (BCB@UFe) displayed a denser structure with fewer pores, supporting more controlled water entry and nutrient diffusion. Release experiments identified sample C as the most stable formulation for both nitrogen and Fe. Nitrogen-release kinetics fitted the PFO (R² = 0.920) and PSO (R² = 0.954) models, indicating diffusion-driven release with weak surface interactions. Fe-release kinetics for sample C aligned best with the PFO and Weber–Morris models, suggesting dominance of intra-particle diffusion and physisorption processes.
Microstructural Mechanisms of Sugarcane Bagasse Biodegradation by Locally Isolated Tropical Cellulolytic Fungi for Environmentally Friendly Composting
Sugarcane bagasse is a highly recalcitrant lignocellulosic residue that decomposes slowly under natural conditions, requiring an effective biological agent to accelerate composting. This study evaluated the effectiveness of locally isolated tropical cellulolytic fungi in enhancing bagasse biodegradation based on macromorphological changes and microstructural evidence obtained through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Four treatments were tested: uninoculated control (P0), single inoculum A (P1), single inoculum B (P2), and consortium A+B (P3), with composting conducted for 56 days under a modified Takakura system. The consortium treatment (P3) exhibited the most advanced compost maturity, characterized by darker coloration, brittle texture, granular structure, and a distinct earthy odor. SEM micrographs further confirmed the greatest extent of lignocellulose breakdown in P3, showing deep longitudinal fissures, fibril delamination, lumen collapse, high porosity, and dense hyphal and spore colonization. These findings indicate that the consortium of cellulolytic fungi accelerates lignocellulose depolymerization through synergistic extracellular enzymatic activity, leading to faster decomposition than single isolates. Overall, the results highlight the bioconversion potential of indigenous tropical fungal consortia as environmentally friendly bioactivators for sustainable management of sugarcane bagasse and other lignocellulosic wastes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurhaida Widiani, Ovi Prasetya Winandari
Cytotoxic Activity and Apoptocic Induction of Dicloromethane Fraction Nauclea subdita on WiDr Colon Cancer Cell
Colon cancer is one of the most deadly cancers in the world. Conventional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are often limited, especially in metastatic cancer. Therefore, the development of alternative therapies, such as chemoprevention, becomes very important. This study aimed to test the anticancer potential of bengkal (Nauclea subdita) stem bark against WiDr colon cancer cells through cytotoxic, cell cycle, and apoptocic assays. The stem bark of bengkal was extracted using n-hexane and ethanol, then fractionated using dichloromethane (DCM). The results of the cytotoxic test using the MTT method showed that the DCM pH 3 fraction had the highest cytotoxic potential with an IC50 value of 112.81 ± 22.55 µg/mL against WiDr cells. However, the Selectivity Index (IS) value of the DCM pH 3 fraction showed low selectivity (<2). Cell cycle assay using flow cytometry indicated that DCM pH 3 fraction was able to inhibit cell cycle distribution. Furthermore, apoptocic test with Annexin V-FTIC/PI method showed that DCM fraction pH 3 triggered apoptocic mechanism in WiDr cancer cells. This study provides preliminary evidence that DCM fraction pH 3 of bengkal stem bark has anticancer potential against WiDr colon cancer cells, thus DCM fraction pH 3 of bengkal stem bark can be a source of WiDr colon anticancer agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hengki Kurniawan, Masriani Masriani, Rini Muharini
Optimizing Injection Techniques for Avian Embryos: A Practical Model for Experimental Embryology
Background:Avian embryos such as chickens and ducks offer an ethical and practical model to study early development and test experimental procedures. However, differences in in-ovo injection techniques can affect embryo survival and the consistency of results. This study aimed to find the most effective injection method to improve the success and reproducibility of avian embryo research. Methods: A total of 60 fertilized eggs (30 chicken and 30 duck eggs) were used. They were randomly assigned into six groups: control, horizontal injection, and vertical injection (10 eggs per group for each species). Each treated egg received 0.25 mL of sterile 0.9% saline through a fine 27G syringe and was incubated at 37±0.5°C with 55–60% humidity for five days. Embryo growth was evaluated daily based on the formation of blood vessels, which can be seen by examining the eggs, and differences in egg weight. After the fifth day, the eggs are broken open and the embryos are observed by body length, morphology formation. Results: Vertical injection through the pointed end of the egg resulted in the highest normal development rates (70% in chickens and 80% in ducks). In contrast, horizontal injection caused almost complete growth failure, while control embryos developed normally. Statistical analysis showed a significant effect of injection orientation on embryo survival (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Injecting vertically through the pointed end of the egg is a reliable and low risk method for manipulating avian embryos. This optimized approach ensures better embryo survival and can be applied in future studies involving developmental biology, toxicology testing, stem cell research, and gene editing experiments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurin Nadzifatil Fitriyah, Suryani Suryani, Din Fitri Rochmawati, Ahmad Nafi Ulumi, Abd El Rahman Irwan Maulana, Putri Shavina Shaqynia Nasution, Fa’iqotur Rokhmah
Antifungal Activity of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Matoa Leaves (Pometia pinnata J. R. Forst & G. Forst) Against Trichophyton rubrum
Dermatophytosis is a prevalent skin infection in tropical regions like Indonesia, predominantly caused by the fungus Trichophyton rubrum. While Matoa leaves (Pometia pinnata) are known for their medicinal properties, their specific antifungal potency requires optimization through fractionation. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of Matoa leaves and determine its effective concentration against T. rubrum. This experimental study employed the disc diffusion method using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). The ethyl acetate fraction was tested at concentrations of 10% and 20%, with 2% Ketoconazole as the positive control and DMSO as the negative control. The results demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited strong antifungal activity, yielding inhibition zones of 18.25 mm at 10% concentration and 19.75 mm at 20% concentration. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests indicated significant antifungal activity compared to the negative control (p < 0.05), though no significant difference was observed between the 10% and 20% concentrations. These findings suggest that the semi-polar ethyl acetate fraction of Matoa leaves is a potent natural antifungal agent, showing strong efficacy even at lower concentrations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tika Afriani, Devahimer Harsep Rosi, Reka Cania
Formulation and Effectiveness Test of Starfruit Extract Shampoo (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Against Mortality Pediculus humanus capitis
One of the skin infections that cause health problems in children is pediculosis capitis, which is caused by head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis). One of the efforts to prevent pediculosis can be by testing the formulation of an anti-head lice shampoo using the natural ingredient of star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L), which contains flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, and saponins. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical stability and effectiveness of the killing power of anti-head lice shampoo preparations with variations in the concentration of star fruit extract formula 1 (F1) 1.5%; formula 2 (F2) 2%; and formula 3 (F3) 2.5% against head lice Pediculus humanus capitis. This type of research is a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) with an experimental design. The variation in the head lice anti-head shampoo formula is F1 1.5%, F2 2%, and F3 2.5%. Phytochemical screening tests include flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, and saponins. Physical stability tests were carried out for four weeks, including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and foam height. The lethality test was carried out on the head lice of Pediculus humanus capitis. The data analysis is descriptive and comparative with the One Way ANOVA test. The phytochemical screening test of star fruit extract obtained positive results for flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. The organoleptic test of F1 shampoo 1.5%, F2 2%, and F3 2.5% showed white, thick results and a distinctive lemon aroma. The viscosity test was F1 1.5% (2,007-2,020 cP), F2 2% (2,020 cP), and F3 2.5% (2,020 cP). The homogeneity test obtained homogeneous results in all three formulas. The results of the foam height test were F1 1.5% (7.17-9.50 cm), F2 2% (7.67-9.83 cm), and F3 (7.83-9.80 cm). The results of the One Way Anova test showed a significance value of 0.012 < 0.05, or there was a significance influence of the shampoo formula of F1 1.5%, F2 2%, and F3 2.5% against the pH value of head lice anti-head shampoo stored for four weeks. The shampoo of star fruit extract affected the death of head lice for 10 minutes with an effective formula at a concentration of 2.5%. The physical evaluation of the head lice shampoo preparation showed good stability. The comparative test results showed that the pH of the shampoo preparation stored for four weeks could be unstable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Intan Kurnia Putri, Maya Uzia Beandrade, Regina Ananda, Reza Anindita
Effect of Ethanol Extract of Cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) Leaves on the Estrous Cycle in Female Mice (Mus musculus)
Cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) leaves contain primary secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoids that have the potential to inhibit fertility by interfering with ovarian, uterus, or vaginal function. One of the parameters that can be used to assess the antifertility potential of a compound or herbal extract is the estrous cycle. This study aimed to determine the effect of cherry leaves ethanol extract intake on the estrous cycle in female mice (Mus musculus). This study used a Complete Random Design (CRD) with 3 treatments, namely control of Na CMC 1% (C), cherry leaves extract at a dose of 125 mg/kg of mice body weight (T1), and 250 mg/kg of mice body weight (T2), each with 3 replicates. The results showed that cherry leaves ethanol extract did not have a significant effect on the length of the estrous cycle of mice analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test (Asymp value. Sig > 0.05), although there is a tendency for the estrous cycle in the treatment group to be longer than the control group. This study provides insights for follow-up research with more diverse doses, treatment duration, and reproductive parameters in determining the antifertility activity of an herbal metabolite compound.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maulidatuz Zahro, Harlita
In Vivo Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Sapindus rarak (Lerak) and Host Immunological Profiles in an Escherichia coli Infection Model
This study evaluated the in vivo antibacterial activity of Sapindus rarak (lerak) extract and its effects on host immune responses during Escherichia coli infection. Lerak contains saponins and other bioactive compounds that have shown promising antimicrobial effects in vitro, but in vivo evidence remains limited. Male BALB/c mice were assigned to healthy, infected control, and three treatment groups receiving low, medium, or high doses of lerak extract. All infected groups were orally challenged with pathogenic E. coli and treated for seven days. Clinical signs, bacterial load, cytokines, immunoglobulin levels, and tissue histopathology were assessed. Mice in the infected control group developed weight loss, diarrhea, and systemic signs of infection, whereas those receiving lerak extract showed milder symptoms, especially at higher doses. Lerak significantly reduced bacterial counts in intestinal and systemic tissues, with the strongest effect in the high-dose group. Treatment also decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6) and increased IL-10, indicating a shift toward controlled inflammation. Serum IgA levels were elevated in treated mice, suggesting enhanced mucosal protection. Histopathology confirmed reduced epithelial damage and inflammatory infiltration in the intestine, liver, and spleen. These findings suggest that lerak extract exerts both antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects in vivo. Its dual activity highlights its potential as a plant-derived therapeutic candidate for managing enteric infections caused by E. coli. Further fractionation and mechanistic studies are warranted to identify active compounds and clarify biological pathways involved.
Antioxidant Activity Analysis Using DPPH and Total Phenol Methods of Soursop Leaf Extract (Annona muricata L.)
Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) are known to contain various bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of soursop leaf extract using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method and to determine its total phenolic content using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was assessed at extract concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm, with quercetin used as a positive control. The results showed that the soursop leaf extract exhibited very strong antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 9,486 ppm. The total phenolic content of the extract was relatively high, ranging from 102,929 to 195,702 mg GAE/g extract. The strong antioxidant activity observed is likely associated with the high content of phenolic compounds, which play a crucial role in scavenging free radicals. These findings suggest that soursop leaf extract has significant potential as a natural antioxidant source for applications in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Kartika Wati, Kammal Nizam Amrullah, Salsabilatul Mukaromah, Nour Athiroh Abdoes Sjakoer, Faisal, Majida Ramadhan, Nafisa
The Effect of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) Feeding on the Estrus Cycle in Female Mice (Mus musculus)
Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) are plants that contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phytoestrogens that resemble the hormone estrogen, so they have the potential to affect the reproductive system. One of the indicators of the balance of reproductive hormones in female animals is the etrus cycle. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and progesterone can cause changes in the duration of the etruscan cycle. This study aims to determine the effect of cucumber extract administration on the estrus cycle of female rats (Mus musculus). This study is an experimental study with Complete Random Design (CRD). A total of 9 female rats were divided into three groups, namely the control group, the treatment group with a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, and the treatment group with a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight. Cucumber extract is administered orally for 15 days. Observation of the estrus cycle is carried out daily by the vaginal swab method. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance test. The results showed that the average duration of the estrus cycle of the control group was 4.8 days, the 200 mg/kg BB dose treatment group was 6.1 days, and the 300 mg/kg BB dose treatment group was 4.6 days. The results of statistical analysis showed that the administration of cucumber extract did not have a significant effect on the estrus cycle of female mice (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that administration of cucumber extract at doses of 200 mg/kg BB and 300 mg/kg BB did not have a significant effect on the estrus cycle of female rats, although there is a tendency to alter the length of the estrus phase in some individuals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fassa Atif Aprilia, Harlita
In Silico Study of Ethanolic and Methanolic Extracts of Tridax procumbens (Londotan) as Anti-Inflammatory Agents Targeting the COX-2 Receptor
Inflammation is a major pathological process that occurs when the body’s immune system responds to stimuli caused by various injury factors. The incidence of injuries in Indonesia has reached 9.7%, showing an increase compared to 2014 (7.3%) and 2007 (7.9%). One plant that has not been widely utilized as a medicinal agent but is known to possess anti-inflammatory activity is T. procumbens (commonly known as londotan). The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction mechanisms of the bioactive compounds from T. procumbens with the COX-2 receptor through a molecular docking approach using the receptor structure obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 5IKR). Sodium diclofenac was employed as the positive control to identify potential new anti-inflammatory drug candidates with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles The molecular docking simulation results indicated that Quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside the lowest binding free energy (delta G = ?9.73 kcal/mol) with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 73.71 nM, and formed significant hydrophobic interactions with the native ligand residues LEU B:352, VAL B:523, VAL B:349, and ALA B:527. In terms of pharmacokinetic properties, Quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside demonstrated superior performance compared to sodium diclofenac and the native ligand, suggesting that T. procumbens has promising potential to be developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ishrolana Lutfi Anggraeni, Hosnatul Hasanah, Nur Faizah, Indah Ayu Wulandari, Silvia Kurnia Sari, Mohammad Rofik Usman
Uncovering the Molecular Mechanisms of Saurauia vulcani Korth in Rhodamine B Induced Colon Injury
The illegal food colorant, Rhodamine B (RhB), might lead to chronic colon injury. Saurauia vulcani is an ethnomedicine utilized for hepatoprotection, antioxidants, and immunomodulators. The histopathological and bioinformatic assays were conducted to discover the ethanolic extract of S. vulcani (EEP) against colon damage in RhB-induced rats. The abnormal results were exhibited in RhB administration, while EEP regained colon length and improved the histopathology of the ascending colon in rats. Furthermore, the construction of PPI predicted TP53, SRC, EGFR, AKT1, MTOR, CASP3, ABCG2, CTNNB1, MAPK14, MAPK8, and JUN as the main targets related to chronic colon injury. The molecular interaction presented S. vulcani had the stable fluctuation and strong binding affinities to thymidine phosphorylase. Therefore, this finding could be preliminary data for chronic colon injury treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Feimmy Ruth Pratiwi Sipahutar, Erlintan Sinaga, Masdiana Sinambela, Adriana Yulinda Dumaria LumbanGaol, Melati Nugrahalia Sipahutar
Unveiling the Synergistic Multi-Target Antidiabetic Mechanism of Indonesian Scientific Jamu Formulation: A Computational Study
This study aimed to evaluate the multi-target antidiabetic potential of bioactive compounds within the Indonesian Scientific Jamu formulation (consisting of Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Cinnamomum burmannii, and Syzygium polyanthum) via an in silico approach targeting PPAR-gamma, DPP-4, AKR1C3, and SGLT2. Molecular docking simulations were performed to screen 238 bioactive compounds using Molegro Virtual Docker to predict binding affinities, while ADMET properties were analyzed using pkCSM. The simulation revealed that Cinnamoside, Procyanidin B2, Bisandrographolide B, and Gemin D exhibited the lowest energy on their respective targets. Significantly, 2,6-Di-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose emerged as a superior multi-target compound, consistently outperforming standard drugs (Pioglitazone, Teneligliptin, Glimepiride, and Empagliflozin) against all four receptors. It was concluded that the formulation contained potent compounds acting through a synergistic multi-target mechanism, specifically 2,6-Di-O-galloyl-?-D-glucose, providing a molecular rationale for the formulation’s clinical efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Teguh Sugiarto, Andri Prasetiyo, Esti Mulatsari, Esti Mumpuni, Vandrico Junky, Fadhiil Muhammad Dzaki Adipura, Claudya Fransiska Pratamauli Nainggolan
The Potential of Red Algae Methanol Extract (Kappaphycus alvarezii) as an Antibacterial Agent Toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a disease caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Red algae (Kappaphycus alvarezii) contain bioactive compounds derived from secondary metabolites with antibacterial properties. This study investigates the potential of Kappaphycus alvarezii methanol extract to inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 using the microdilution broth method, determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranging from a concentration of 500 µg/mL to 1.9531 µg/mL. To elucidate the inhibition mechanism, nucleic acid, protein, and Ca2+ ion leakage assay were performed via spectrophotometry at MIC 1, MIC 2, and MIC 3 concentrations. Morphological changes in the bacterial cell membrane were further examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at MIC 2. The results demonstrated that, the methanol extract of K. alvarezii exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria with an MIC value of 1.9531 µg/mL, but showed no inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extract inducted membrane leakage, as indicated by a higher leakage value compared to negative controls and commercial antibiotics. In addition, the methanol extract of K. alvarezii caused alterations in bacterial cells. These findings highlight the potential of Kappaphycus alvarezii methanol extract as a promising antibacterial agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabila Novitasari, Evy Yulianti, Ixora Sartika Mercuriani, Lili Sugiyarto, Nur Aeni Ariyanti
Analysis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Contamination in Snacks and Food Handlers of Elementary School Children in West Bekasi
Food safety is a preventive measure against the risk of disease caused by microorganisms, chemicals, and physical materials that can contaminate food. Salmonella sp. and E. coli is a common food poisoning agent found in school snacks. Elementary school students are a vulnerable group to microbial contamination due to their frequent snacking habits. Therefore, this study aims to analyze E. coli and Salmonella sp. contamination in school snacks in the West Bekasi school area, Bekasi City. The research design of this study was a laboratory-based experiment. Data collection method: Data was collected from three different locations: SDN Bintara 1, SDN Jakasampurna 1 and SDN Kotabaru 3. Snack food testing was carried out using TPC testing, to determine the presence of E. coli contamination using EMBA media and Salmonella sp. using SSA media. The result of TPC is above 71,4% of school children’s snacks are classified as unsafe only 4 types of food are classified as safe, namely onigiri, papeda, cilor, and meatballs on skewers. There are 2 foods that grow in EMBA media, namely udang rambutan and cibay, it is possible that both foods are contaminated with E. coli.
Copyright (c) 2026 Afrinia Ekasari, Arindah Nur Sartika, Maulin Inggraini, Reza Anindita
Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Brine Shrimp Lethality Test of Thyrsostachys siamensis (Siamese Bamboo) Leaf Extracts
Cancer and oxidative-stress–related disorders continue to rise globally, driving interest in plant-based antioxidants with concurrent cytotoxic potential. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality of Thyrsostachys siamensis (Siamese bamboo) leaf extracts obtained with solvents of increasing polarity (n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, and water). Ethanol appears as the most effective solvent for T. siamensis, combining a solid extraction yield (7.78%) with the richest phytochemical profile (positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenolics). This broad chemical recovery corresponds to the strongest bioactivity, shown by its lowest IC50 (91.48 ± 0.12 µg/mL) and LC50 (80.78 ± 0.62 µg/mL). Acetone (6.42%) and ethyl acetate (5.11%) offer moderate yields and selective enrichment of semi-polar constituents, reflected in intermediate IC50 values (144–150 µg/mL) and LC50 values (273–350 µg/mL). In contrast, hexane despite providing the highest mass recovery (11.34%) contains mainly non-phenolic components and shows weak biological activity (IC50 200.52 ± 0.38 µg/mL, LC50 620.06 ± 0.76 µg/mL). Chloroform, with limited phytochemical content, yields the poorest performance (IC50 238.30 ± 1.56 µg/mL, LC50 926.40 ± 4.27 µg/mL).
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Aditya Hidayah, Indah Ayudia, Gerda Pintoko Tunjungsari, Retno Aliyatul Fikroh, Alfandi Ahmad
Protective Effect of Ethanolic Mistletoe Leaves (Scurula atropurpurea (Bl.) Dans) Extract Against Protein Denaturation In Vitro
Inflammation is a complex biological response that eliminates harmful stimuli, clears damaged tissues, and initiates healing. Protein denaturation is known to trigger inflammatory reactions and is associated with chronic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and serum sickness. Although steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used, their long-term use may cause adverse effects. Herbal plants represent potential alternative therapies with fewer side effects. This study examined the anti-inflammatory potential of Scurrula atropurpurea, a hemiparasitic plant traditionally used for various medicinal purposes. The ethanolic leaf extract was evaluated for its phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties, and ability to inhibit egg albumin denaturation in vitro. Fresh leaves were collected from tea plants in Sapuran, Wonosobo, and extracted using Soxhlet with 96% ethanol. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. Quantitative analysis showed a high total phenolic content (126.10 ± 1.5 mg GAE/g extract), moderate tannins, and relatively low flavonoids. The extract demonstrated weak antioxidant activity (IC50 = 140.4 ± 4.9 µg/mL) and minimal protein denaturation inhibition (maximum 1.51% at 100 ppm), significantly lower than sodium diclofenac as a positive control. Overall, the ethanolic extract of S. atropurpurea leaves exhibited low in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting the need for further investigation using alternative extraction methods, plant parts, or host species.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Aditiyarini, Christini Bernaindah Nadapdap, Ratih Restiani
Optimization of Riau Local Lactic Acid Bacteria Concentration and Evaluation of Cell and Supernatant Antifungal Activity Against Aspergillus parasiticus
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are capable of producing bioactive metabolites that can inhibit the growth of molds, including Aspergillus parasiticus. However, the potential of local LAB strains from Riau as biocontrol agents has not been extensively explored. This study aimed to optimize the concentration of LAB isolated from Riau to obtain the best antifungal activity, evaluate the effectiveness of their supernatants against the growth of A. parasiticus, and assess their potential application in food commodities.The antifungal activity of cell suspensions was tested using the well-diffusion method with varying concentrations (OD). Cell-free supernatants were analyzed through dilution assays to determine the percentage of fungal inhibition. Application testing was conducted on corn kernels as a biocontrol model. The results showed that increasing LAB cell density correlated with a larger inhibition zone against the mold. The two best isolates, S28 and AERH7, at OD 0.8 and 48 hours of incubation, produced inhibition zones of 18.67 mm and 17.58 mm, respectively. The supernatants of both isolates also demonstrated strong activity, with inhibition percentages of 72.17% and 64.39%, confirming the role of LAB metabolites in antifungal activity. Application on corn kernels further showed a visible reduction in mold growth compared to the control.This study concludes that LAB strains from Riau possess significant potential as natural biocontrol agents against A. parasiticus. These findings provide practical benefits for developing microbial-based biopreservation strategies to enhance food safety and quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Musyirna Rahmah Nasution, Nesa Agistia, Dita Bina Julianti Habeahan, Saryono
Multi-Conformation Docking and Molecular Dynamics Study of Neolignan Compounds from Ocimum sanctum L. Targeting Estrogen Receptor Alpha
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-mediated breast cancer is the main target of hormone therapy. However, the long-term use of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) however, can lead to side effects and resistance. This study evaluated how well selected phenolic derivatives from Ocimum sanctum L. to various ER? conformations and to assess the initial stability of selected ligand-receptor complexes in silico. Five compounds, dominated by the neolignan group with one flavonoid derivative, were molecularly docked against four ERalpha structures representing the apo, agonist, and SERM states using AutoDock-GPU, with method validation through co-crystal ligand redocking. The binding affinity and key residue interactions were analyzed to assess cross-conformation consistency. The most stable ligand candidates were further analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations for 30 ns in the agonist and SERM conformations to evaluate the initial structural stabilities of the protein–ligand complexes. The docking results showed that most compounds had ERalpha conformation-dependent affinity; however, Tulsinol D exhibited the most consistent affinity profile and maintained interactions with key ERalpha residues across all tested conformations. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the ERalpha–Tulsinol D complex had good initial stability, characterized by protein backbone stability, reasonable residue flexibility, maintained structural compactness, and stable ligand positioning within the binding pocket. Based on these results, Tulsinol D has potential as an in silico candidate inhibitor of ER? based on phenolic metabolites from O. sanctum and warrants further investigation through advanced computational studies and experimental validation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fawwaz Muhammad Fauzi, Desti Kameliani
The Combined Effect of Birthing Ball Therapy and Birthing Yoga on Maternal Outcomes in Normal Delivery
Childbirth is a physiological process that can be accompanied by pain, anxiety, and varying duration of labor. When pain is not managed well, with high anxiety and too long labor duration, it can increase the risk of complications for the mother and baby, resulting in an increased risk of labor with medical procedures and labor trauma for the mother. One of the complementary therapies that can overcome these problems is the use of birthing balls and labor yoga. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the combination of birthing balls and labor yoga on labor outcomes (labor pain, anxiety levels and labor duration). The research method used was Quashi Experiment with a Non-Equivalent Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The research subjects were mothers giving birth in the delivery room of RSIA Siti Khadijah, Gorontalo City with a purposive sampling technique based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, so that the total sample obtained was 50 mothers giving birth consisting of 25 respondents in the intervention group and 25 respondents in the control group. Data analysis used the T Test on the variables of Labor Pain and Anxiety Level and the Man-Whitney Test on the variable of labor duration. The results of this study indicate that the combination of birthing ball and birthing yoga has a distinct impact on labor outcomes. The greatest impact was seen on the psychological aspect, with a significant reduction in anxiety (p < 0.01), while the effects on labor pain and duration were more clinical-descriptive in nature without statistical significance (p > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the combination of birthing ball and birthing yoga predominantly affects the psychological aspect, while still contributing to expediting labor progress descriptively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Nur Octaviani Katili, Nour Arriza Dwi Melani, Alya Agustina Utiarahman
Genetic Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Philippine Scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii) Based on Mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 2 (ND2) Gene
Central Sulawesi is one of the provinces in Indonesia with high avian diversity, including the Philippine scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii). This species belongs to the family Megapodiidae and is distributed in the Philippines, parts of eastern Borneo, and several small islands in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of Megapodius cumingii from Poat Island based on sequences of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene. Genomic DNA extracted from blood samples of the Philippine scrubfowl was isolated using the gSYNC™ DNA Extraction Kit (Geneaid), amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method with primers L5145 (forward) and H6394 (reverse), and visualized by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR products were purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit. Sequence data were analyzed using BLAST for species confirmation, DnaSP v6.12.03 for genetic variation analysis, and MEGA 11 for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using the Maximum Likelihood and Neighbor-Joining methods. The results showed that the 1.072 base pair ND2 gene sequences generated three haplotypes, with a haplotype diversity value of 0.667 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.00249. The nucleotide base composition of the ND2 gene was dominated by A+T (52.03%) compared to G+C (47.95%). Phylogenetic tree reconstruction using both methods produced consistent topologies, in which all Megapodius cumingii samples from Poat Island formed a monophyletic clade with high bootstrap support, indicating strong and stable genetic relationships.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jihan Winarti, I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, I Nengah Kundera, Mursito S Bialangi, Abdul Ashari
Antioxidant Activity Comparison of Jamu Cekok and Its Individual Herbal Components Using the DPPH Method
Jamu cekok is a traditional Indonesian herbal drink commonly consumed by children to increase appetite. It is made from a combination of several plants, including Curcuma zanthorrhiza (C. zanthorrhiza), Curcuma longa (C. longa), Zingiber officinale (Z. officinalle), and Kaemferia galanga (K. galanga). The combination of these plants potentially enhanced the antioxidant effects due to the synergism or antagonism interaction among the constituent herbs. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of jamu cekok and compare it with the antioxidant activity of its individual herbal components. Methods were started with the extraction of jamu cekok using ethanol as the solvent, prepared from a 1:1:1:1 ratio of C. zanthorrhiza, C. longa, Z. officinale, and K. galanga extract. The resulting extracts were tested using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay and phytochemical screening. Analysis revealed that jamu cekok extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Turmeric, ginger, and galangal exhibited strong antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 96.158 ppm, 87.040 ppm, and 83.855 ppm, respectively. Curcuma showed moderate antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 112.227 ppm. Jamu cekok exhibits very strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 46.904 ppm), surpassing the activity of its individual herbal components. The synergistic interaction among bioactive compounds, particularly alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, is presumed to contribute to the enhanced antioxidant potential of jamu cekok. These results support its role as a natural antioxidant source and provide a scientific basis for its traditional use in health promotion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lusi, Puji Astuti, Meri Ropiqa, Virhan Novianry
Computational Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Acalypha indica L. Phytochemicals Against Staphylococcus aureus DNA Gyrase
This study investigated the antibacterial potential of phytochemical compounds derived from Acalypha indica L. against the DNA gyrase of Staphylococcus aureus using an in silico computational approach. Phytochemical structures were collected from established compound databases and subjected to geometry optimization to ensure conformational stability before molecular docking analysis. Docking simulations were carried out using AutoDock Vina to evaluate the binding affinity and interaction profiles of each ligand with the ATP-binding domain of DNA gyrase, a critical enzyme involved in bacterial DNA replication. The three-dimensional structure of S. aureus DNA gyrase was obtained from the Protein Data Bank and prepared through removal of water molecules, addition of polar hydrogens, and refinement of active-site residues. Among the screened ligands, five compounds exhibited strong predicted affinities, with binding energies ranging from -6.8 to -9.1 kcal/mol. Compound C demonstrated the most favorable interaction, forming stable hydrogen bonds and extensive hydrophobic contacts within the catalytic pocket, suggesting a strong inhibitory potential. Compound E also showed a high affinity, although its orientation within the binding site was slightly less optimal. ADMET predictions indicated that all top candidates satisfied drug-likeness criteria, showed good absorption potential, and presented low toxicity risks. Overall, the findings highlight that Acalypha indica L. contains bioactive constituents with promising inhibitory activity against bacterial DNA gyrase. These results support the traditional use of the plant in antimicrobial applications and provide a foundation for further experimental validation through in vitro enzyme inhibition assays and in vivo studies to confirm their therapeutic relevance.
Exploring the Virulence Factors of Campylobacter jejuni Targeted by Quercetin: A Bioinformatics Approach
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and continues to develop resistance to commonly used antibiotics, especially fluoroquinolones, creating a need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, exhibits antibacterial activity by disrupting membrane stability, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, and reducing virulence factor expression. This study aimed to predict the interaction between quercetin and essential proteins of Campylobacter jejuni and to identify virulence-associated proteins with immunogenic potential using a bioinformatics approach. The protein–compound interaction analysis was performed using STITCH, while virulence functions were predicted using VirulentPred and VICMPred. B cell and T cell epitope predictions were conducted using the IEDB Analysis Resources, and antigenicity was evaluated using VaxiJen. The results showed that quercetin interacts with key proteins such as ATP synthase, DnaK, catalase, and oxidoreductase, which contribute to bacterial survival through energy metabolism and oxidative stress regulation. Five virulence-associated proteins were identified with strong antigenicity and immunogenic potential, with most predicted to be located on the cytoplasmic membrane. These findings suggest that quercetin may function as a multi-target antimicrobial agent that interferes with essential cellular processes while promoting immune recognition, supporting its potential as a candidate for future therapeutic development against antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sintice Dhea Valerie, Nawan, Ysrafil
Immuno-Impaired Expression of Synaptophysin, GFAP and Nissl Substances in the Cerebral Cortex of Diabetic Wistar Rats; Evaluation of Andrographis Paniculata Effects
Diabetic hyperglycemia is associated with severe complications, including neuropathy and cognitive impairment. This study examines the neuroprotective effects of Andrographis paniculata (AP) on the cerebrum cortex of alloxan-nicotinamide-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (A–E), each with seven rats. Diabetic hyperglycemia was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) followed by alloxan (120 mg/kg). Treatment included Andrographis paniculata, metformin and a combination of both. Untreated diabetic hyperglycemia resulted in significant cerebral damage, indicated by weight loss, decreased brain weight, and neuronal degradation. Andrographis paniculata treatment provided partial neuroprotection. Metformin demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects by reducing hyperglycemia, preventing weight loss, and preserving neuronal structure. Combination therapy suggested potential synergistic effects, showing improvements in blood glucose, body weight, brain weight, cerebral morphology, and histochemistry. Increased synaptophysin expression and reduced astrocyte activation via GFAP expression were observed with combination therapy. These findings support the therapeutic potential of Andrographis paniculata, alone or combined with metformin, in managing hyperglycemic neuropathies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ismail Olasile Onanuga, Royhan Olamide Folarin, Elijah Taiwo Muniru, Ridwan Babatunde Ibrahim, Ibe Michael Usman, Ayoola Isaac Jegede, Onyemaechi Okpara Azu, Temidire Odunayo Obaya, Moses Oluwasegun Kehinde
Application of Quasi-Emulsion Solvent Diffusion for Spherical Crystallization of Atorvastatin with HPMC E50
Poor solubility and inadequate flowability of active pharmaceutical ingredients are significant challenges in developing solid oral dosage forms, particularly for BCS Class II drugs such as atorvastatin calcium. This study aimed to improve the micromeritic and dissolution properties of atorvastatin through spherical crystallization using quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion. Methanol was used as a good solvent, dichloromethane as a bridging liquid, water as a poor solvent, and HPMC E50 as a polymeric stabilizer. Spherical agglomerates were prepared and characterized for morphology (SEM); crystallinity (DSC and PXRD); chemical compatibility (FTIR); micromeritic parameters; and dissolution performance. The crystallization process transformed irregular atorvastatin crystals into smooth spherical agglomerates with significantly enhanced flow properties, as evidenced by increased flow rate and improved angle of repose, bulk density, and compressibility index. FTIR analysis confirmed no chemical interaction with HPMC, while PXRD and DSC indicated reduced crystallinity. Dissolution studies showed spherical atorvastatin exhibited superior release, reaching over 80% in 30 minutes, compared with 51% for raw atorvastatin. In conclusion, spherical crystallization effectively improved the physicochemical and micromeritic properties of atorvastatin calcium, offering a promising approach for enhancing its manufacturability and oral bioavailability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indra Indra, Ria Marliana Tika, Winda Trisna Wulandari
Acceptability and Nutrient Profile of Cocoa Fruit Peel-Based Cookies: Exploring a Functional Food Potential
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a valuable agricultural commodity that can be developed into diverse products with high economic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the sensory acceptability and nutrient composition of cookies formulated with cocoa fruit peel (Theobroma cacao L.) as a functional ingredient. Cocoa peel flour and cookies were analyzed for macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber) and micronutrients (minerals, vitamins, flavonoids). Sensory evaluation was conducted using a hedonic scale on color, aroma, texture, and taste among 40 semi-trained panelists. Results showed that all formulations were generally acceptable, with the 10% cocoa peel substitution achieving the highest preference. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences in color and taste (p < 0.05), while aroma and texture showed no significant variation. Nutritional analysis confirmed that cocoa peel flour and cookies contained essential nutrients, including protein (9.46-9.75%), fat (5.14-9.35%), carbohydrates (46.48-55.37%), vitamins C and E, minerals (Fe, Ca, Zn), and flavonoids, although antioxidant levels decreased after baking. These findings highlight cocoa peel’s potential as a functional food ingredient, supporting sustainable utilization of cocoa by-products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rita Irma, Risma, Fonnie E. Hasan, Rosnah
The Effect of Cep-Cepan (Castanopsis costata) Leaf Extract Ointment on Post-Incision Wound Healing in Wistar Rats
Wound healing remains a challenge in medical practice, as available topical medications are often expensive, less effective, or associated with side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cep-cepan (Castanopsis costata) leaf extract ointment on post-incision wound healing in Wistar rats using a post-test only control group experimental design. Cep-cepan leaf extract was obtained through maceration method using 96% ethanol, with 22% yield. This extract was then formulated into ointments with concentrations of 15%, 30%, and 45%, subsequently tested for physical stability, phytochemical content, and wound healing effectiveness. The results showed that cep-cepan leaf extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids. In vivo tests on rats showed that ointments containing 30% and 45% extract significantly increased skin tensile strength and collagen density compared to the control group. The effectiveness of the 45% extract ointment was almost equivalent to gentamicin ointment as the standard group. This study indicates the potential of cep-cepan leaves as an alternative agent in wound care, providing clinical benefits at a more affordable cost and minimal side effects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yohani Theresia, Linda Chiuman, Chrismis Novalinda Ginting, Suhartomi Suhartomi
Butterfly Species (Lepidoptera) in Forest Area of Namo Village, Kulawi District, Sigi Regency
Butterflies (Lepidoptera) are one of the insect groups that play an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance, particularly as pollinators of various flowering plants and as indicators of environmental conditions. This study aimed to identify and describe butterfly species (order: Lepidoptera) found in the forest area of Namo Village, Kulawi District, Sigi Regency. The research employed a descriptive method with an exploratory (survey) technique. Sampling was conducted at three different observation stations. Field data were collected over three days, with two sampling periods per day, from 07:00 to 11:00 and 14:00 to 17:00 local time (WITA). Samples were collected using insect nets and subsequently identified based on morphological characteristics. The results of the study revealed 27 butterfly species belonging to four major families. These families are Nymphalidae (17 species), Papilionidae (6 species), Pieridae (3 species), and Lycaenidae (1 species). The diversity analysis indicated that the family Nymphalidae had the highest number of species. Environmental factors, such as the abundance of host plants in the genus Lantana and host plants of the genus Mangivera, as well as abiotic conditions including an average temperature of 27°C, humidity of 70.33%, and light intensity of 786 cd, were strongly suspected to support the high variation in butterfly species.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uzaini Nur Rahma, Bustamin, Manap Trianto, Fatma Dhafir, Raya Agni, Abd. Rauf
Plant Lice Species (Suborder: Sternorrhyncha) on Ornamental Plants in Kampal Village and Surrounding Areas
Plant lice (Suborder: Sternorrhyncha) are important pests of ornamental plants, capable of causing physical damage and transmitting plant pathogens. These insects pose a significant threat as they can reduce growth, impair physiological functions, and even cause plant death. Their feeding activity affects leaves, stems, and flowers, thereby reducing overall plant health and aesthetic value. Understanding the diversity and host associations of these pests is essential for effective management. This study aimed to identify the species of Sternorrhyncha plant lice present on ornamental plants in Kampal Village, Parigi Moutong, Central Sulawesi. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, using purposive sampling to collect specimens from different plant parts, including shoots, leaves, flowers, and stems. Observations were recorded and analyzed to determine species composition, host range, and infestation patterns. A total of 25 ornamental plant species belonging to 16 families were observed as host plants. Some plant families, such as Euphorbiaceae, Acanthaceae, Rubiaceae, Palmae, Rutaceae, Araceae, and Agavaceae, were infested by more than one plant louse family, while individual plant species could host multiple louse families simultaneously. Seventeen Sternorrhyncha species were identified, distributed across seven families: Pseudococcidae (6 species), Coccidae (3), Diaspididae (2), Aphididae (2), Margarodidae (2), and Aleyrodidae and Ortheziidae (1 species each). These results provide baseline data on the diversity and distribution of Sternorrhyncha plant lice in Kampal Village. Such information is critical for developing targeted pest management strategies to protect ornamental plants and maintain their health and aesthetic value in residential and cultivated areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Delia Nurhaliza, Masrianih Masrianih, Manap Trianto, Amalia Buntu, Yulia Windarsih, Lestari M.P Alibasyah
The Effect of Bajakah Kalalawit (Uncaria gambir) Stem Extract on Spermatozoa Viability In Vitro
The prevalence process impairs sperm biochemistry and function by generating high levels of Reactive Oxygen species (ROS) and damaging sperm cells. In addition, ROS imbalance leads to decreased sperm viability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage. The administration of Bajakah Kalalawit stem extract (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) is stated to maintain sperm quality. In vitro sperm viability tests have not been widely conducted. This study aims to determine the effect of Bajakah Kalalawit stem extract (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) on sperm viability in vitro. This research is experimental research, the type of design used is posttest only with control group design. The sample was determined by consecutive sampling and the samples taken were 15. The statistical test using LSD Post-Hoc test obtained between groups there were significant differences with p <0.05. The compounds contained in the ethanol extract of Bajakah Kalalawit stem (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) are terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and alkaloids. Viability of spermatozoa increased significantly from the concentration of 50ng/mL with a percentage of 74.13%, 100ng/mL by 83.00%, 500ng/mL by 87.60% and 1000ng/mL by 91.27%. The ethanol extract of Bajakah Kalalawit stem (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) can affect the viability of spermatozoa in vitro.
Copyright (c) 2026 Silvani Permatasari, Fitha Nadia Artika, Septi Handayani, Ratna Widayati, Elsa Trinovita
The Effect of Dekokta Jamu Cekok on Short Term Memory of White Rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) Male Wistar Strain
The rising prevalence of dementia in Indonesia has resulted in a decline in memory and cognitive abilities. This condition is believed to be linked to oxidative stress caused by an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants. Jamu cekok, a traditional herbal remedy composed of rhizomes such as Kaempferia galanga, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa L., and Curcuma xanthorrhiza, is known for its antioxidant properties. These antioxidants have the potential to neutralize free radicals, thereby helping to prevent degenerative diseases like dementia and Alzheimer’s, which are associated with short-term memory impairment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of jamu cekok decoction on the short-term memory of male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus L.). A laboratory-based experimental study with a post-test-only control group design was conducted. Male Wistar rats were divided into three treatment groups receiving jamu cekok doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW, and a negative control group was included. Short-term memory was assessed using the Y-maze test. The highest Y-maze alternation percentage of 65.12% was observed in the treatment group receiving a dose of 400 mg/kg BW. However, statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference in Y-maze alternation percentages among the groups receiving jamu cekok (p = 0.626). The findings indicate that jamu cekok decoction did not have a significant effect on the short-term memory of male Wistar rats. Further studies with larger sample sizes and alternative assessment methods are recommended to explore its potential cognitive benefits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nelli Jaliyanti, Puji Astuti, Hadi Kurniawan, Ery Hermawati, Alex Alex
Ascorbic Acid and Carotenoid Contents in Tomato Callus: Effects of Explant Source and Subculture
The production of natural compounds in tomato can be achieved through callus culture by selecting the most suitable explant. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of explant source and culture maintenance on the growth, ascorbic acid content, and carotenoid content of tomato callus. Callus induction was carried out on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D. The resulting calli were divided into two groups: one subcultured into fresh medium and the other maintained without subculture. The study design used a completely randomized design of two factors, they were explants source (cotyledons, hypocotyls and root sprouts) and subculture treatment. The observed parameters were growth of callus, carotenoid and ascorbic acid content analized by spectrophotometer. The results showed that the highest callus weight (0.29 g) was obtained from hypocotyl explants. Subculture treatment significantly affected ascorbic acid content but did not influence carotenoid content. Callus from cotyledon explants produced the highest ascorbic acid content (15.2 g/100 g). Subculture treatment increased callus fresh weight, carotenoid content, and ascorbic acid content compared to the non-subculture treatment. In conclusion, hypocotyls were the best explant source for increasing biomass, while cotyledons were the most effective for enhancing ascorbic acid production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imam Purwanto, Yulita Nurchayati, Erma Prihastanti
Bioinformatics Analysis of Quercetin and Morin Bioactivity from Morinda citrifolia L. Targeting Streptococcus mutans Virulence Factors In Dental Caries Cases
Dental caries remains one of the most neglected oral diseases, particularly among populations living far from healthcare services. Its pathogenesis is largely triggered by poor oral hygiene and the activity of Streptococcus mutans. The use of synthetic antimicrobial agents often leads to prolonged side effects and a higher risk of antibiotic resistance. As an alternative, Morinda citrifolia L. extract shows high potential due to its good public acceptance, minimal side effects, and proven in vitro efficacy in inhibiting S. mutans growth. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivity factors of S. mutans in relation to specific components of Morinda citrifolia L. as an alternative therapeutic agent for dental caries using a bioinformatics-based approach. A descriptive-exploratory bioinformatics method was employed using computational analysis. The bacterial FASTA sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159 was retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and analyzed using several software tools, including STITCH v5.0, VICMPred, VirulentPred, BepiPred v1.0, MHC I and MHC II BindingPred, and PSORTb v3.0. The analysis revealed notable interactions in bioactivity between S. mutans proteins and the phytocompounds quercetin and morin. Seven virulent proteins PknB, SMU_1806, SMU_1213c, SMU_922, SMU_906, SMU_525, and SMU_1078c, contribute to cellular process, metabolism, virulence factors, and information & storage. Five proteins were identified in the cytoplasmic membrane, one in cell wall, and also cytoplasm. Quercetin and morin demonstrated strong antibacterial potential against S. mutans through interactions with virulent proteins. PknB, SMU_906, and SMU_1078c stand out in epitope T cell analysis with high affinity, demonstrating the ability to provoke an adaptive immune system response. Location complexity of 5’-nucleotide enzyme targeted by strategic antimicrobials leads to bacterial mortality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Astrid Ekklesia Saputri, Rian Ka Praja, Agnes Frethernety, Oktaviani Naulita Turnip, Ysrafil
Bacteriological Quality of Raw Cow Milk Obtained from Fulanis Within University of Abuja Environment
Milk is a highly nutritious food that can serve as a suitable medium for microbial growth if not properly handled. This study assessed the bacteriological quality of raw cow milk obtained from Fulani herders within the University of Abuja environment with emphasis on the prevalence of bacterial species and their potential public health implications. Twenty raw milk samples were collected and analyzed using standard microbiological techniques, including serial dilution and spread plate methods for enumeration, determination of total bacterial load and total coliform count, Gram staining and biochemical identification. Five bacterial species were isolated; Bacillus spp. (34.29%), Lactobacillus spp. (28.57%), Staphylococcus aureus (17.14%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.43%) and Escherichia coli (8.57%). The total bacterial load ranged from 5.5 × 108 to 1.15 × 109 CFU/mL, while total coliform counts ranged from 3.35 × 105 to 8.40 × 105 CFU/mL. The predominance of Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus and Lactobacillus reflects the natural microbial flora of raw milk, whereas the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli indicates contamination from handlers, equipment or the environment. These findings reveal significant microbial contamination and associated public health risks linked to raw milk consumption. The study underscores the need for improved hygienic practices during milking, handling, and storage to reduce contamination and ensure consumer safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulgafar Omeiza Zubair, Jemilat Oyiza Zubair, Rofiat Oyine Muhammed
The Potential of Bean Extract (Phaseolus vulgaris) Based on Haemagglutination
Blood typing is a crucial procedure in healthcare,but dependence on expensive an difficult-to-acces imported reagents is a constraint, especially in 3T (underdeveloped, frontier, and othermost) areas. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of bean seed extract (Phaseolus vulgaris), as a local natural resource, to be used as an alternative reagent candidate in ABO blood group screening through in vitro haemagglutination testing. The research method involved several stages, namely the extractionof lectin from bean seed using a 0.9% physiological NaCl solution, the preparation of a 5% erythrocytre suspention form donors with blood group A, B, AB, and O and microscope agglutination tests at various extract ratios and dilution titres. Validation was performed by comparing the agglutination results with commercial anti-A and anti-B reagents. Data were analysed qualitatively descriptively and quantitatively using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn nonparametric tests. The results showed that the bean lectin extract successfully agglutinated blood group A, B, and AB erythrocytes specifically, while showing no reaction to blood group O. The strongest and most stable agglutination reaction was observed at a mixture ratio of extract and NaCl of 2:4 and 2:6. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in agglutination scores between blood group O and blood groups A, B, and AB (p < 0.05), which confirms the specificity of the lectin reaction. The validation test also showed agglutination patterns consistent with commercial reagents. In conclusion, broad bean seed extract has great potential to be developed as an economical, easily accessible, and effective natural agglutination reagent for ABO blood group screening, thus providing an innovative solution to overcome the limitations of conventional reagents in healthcare facilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Zelizar Yarta, Jessy Gre Dini Kurnia, Shafiy Dwi Febrianto, Treticha Kaa Leramau, Cityta Putri Kwarta
Antioxidant Activity of n-Hexane Subfraction of Buas-Buas Leaf (Premna serratifolia L.) by DPPH Method
Buas-buas (Premna serratifolia L.) is a plant traditionally used as medicine and widely grown in West Kalimantan with various species. There are many benefits of buas-buas plants as medicine, one of which is as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to determine the percent inhibition value that describes the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and n-hexane subfraction of buas-buas leaves. The n-hexane fraction was obtained by liquid-liquid extraction with separatory funnel from ethanol extract and the fraction was isolated by column chromatography. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and subfractions C1, C2, C3, D123, and E3F123 was assessed using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl). The results showed that ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and subfractions C1, C2, C3, D123, and E3F123, had antioxidant activity with percent inhibition values of 57.946; 53.078; 52.652; 48.706; 49.745; 50.490; and 50.639%, respectively, which indicated that each sample had good antioxidant activity, except for subfractions C2 and C3.
Copyright (c) 2026 Darin Iftinan, Isnindar, Sri Luliana
Phytochemical Analysis and Bioactivity Evaluation of Ethanolic Exctract of Ironwood (Fagraea fragrans Roxb.) Leaves
Ironwood (Fagraea fragrans Roxb.) has been widely used by the community as a medicinal plant, as well as a cosmetic ingredient. Various parts of the ironwood plant are used for health due to the content of metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, saponins, quinones, and tannins. In an effort to determine the bioactive metabolite compounds, an analysis was carried out on the ethanol extract of Ironwood leaves using GC-MS. The analysis revealed 131 peaks, with 79 corresponding to identified compounds. Five principal dominant compounds were identified: cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Erythocentaurin, and 5-Benzofuranacetic acid. Most of the metabolite compounds in Ironwood leaves exhibit bioactivity as antioxidants, antimicrobials (antibacterial, antifungal), antivirals, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiandrogens, antidiabetics, and other bioactivities. Based on the metabolite compounds and bioactivity, ironwood leaves have great potential to be developed as a source of medicinal and cosmetic ingredients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mutiara Anggraini, Harmida Harmida, Juswardi Juswardi, Nina Tanzerina
Fermentation-Mediated Modulation of Nutraceutically Relevant Polyphenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Leaf Extract
Fermentation has emerged as a promising biotechnological approach to enhance the nutraceutical quality of plant-based materials through targeted modulation of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the effects of aerobic and anaerobic fermentation on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) leaf extracts. Aerobic fermentation markedly enhanced the phytochemical profile, yielding a 1.87-fold increase in TPC (121.28 mg GAE/g extract) and a 1.66-fold increase in TFC (897.82 mg QE/g extract) compared with fresh leaves. These compositional improvements translated into superior functional activity, as evidenced by the lowest IC50 value (56.07 mg/L) and the highest antioxidant activity index (AAI = 0.713). In contrast, anaerobic fermentation provided limited phenolic enrichment and resulted in substantial flavonoid degradation, leading to inferior antioxidant performance. Strong correlations between polyphenolic contents and antioxidant parameters confirmed that phenolics and flavonoids are key contributors to radical scavenging activity. Overall, the findings demonstrate that aerobic fermentation is an effective, low-cost strategy to improve the nutraceutical value and antioxidant capacity of red spinach leaf extracts, highlighting its potential application in the development of functional foods and nutraceutical ingredients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Amelia, Yovi Pranata, Arif Setiawansyah, Mauritz Pandapotan Marpaung, Fika Minata Wathan
Abundance and Distribution of Millipedes (Diplopoda) in Wera Nature Recreation Park
Millipedes (Diplopoda) play an important role in forest ecosystems, particularly in the decomposition of organic matter and the recycling of nutrients, thereby contributing to soil fertility and ecosystem stability. This study aimed to determine the abundance and distribution patterns of millipedes (Diplopoda) in Wera Nature Recreation Park, Balumpewa Village, West Dolo District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi. The research was designed as a quantitative descriptive study. Sampling was carried out using an exploratory survey method combined with hand collection techniques at three observation stations. These stations were selected using purposive sampling based on differences in environmental characteristics and habitat conditions. Data collection was conducted in three repetitions at two-week intervals to obtain representative data on millipede communities. In addition to species collection, measurements of physical environmental parameters were also performed, including light intensity, soil pH, air temperature, and humidity, as these factors are known to influence the presence and distribution of soil macrofauna. The results showed that six millipede species were recorded, belonging to three orders and three families. The average environmental conditions at the study site included a light intensity of 722.2 lux, soil pH of 6.8, temperature of 28.2°C, and humidity of 76.7%. These conditions indicate a habitat that is relatively less optimal for millipede populations. The species abundance index was classified as low, suggesting limited population sizes within the study area. However, the Relative Abundance Index (RAI) revealed variation among species, with two species categorized as having high relative abundance, one species moderate, and three species low. Analysis using Morisita’s Index and the Standardized Morisita Index (Ip) demonstrated that all recorded species exhibited a clumped distribution pattern. This distribution suggests that millipedes tend to concentrate in specific microhabitats that provide suitable moisture, shelter, and food resources. Overall, the findings indicate that unstable environmental conditions may restrict millipede distribution, causing them to utilize only particular microhabitats that meet their ecological requirements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rifana Lemba, Syech Zainal, Rafiqa, Fatmah Dhafir, Masrianih, Manap Trianto
Identification of Lichen Based on Substrate in Bale Village, Tanantovea District, Donggala Regency
Lichens are associations between fungi and photosynthetic symbionts, such as algae or cyanobacteria, that form stable and specialized thallus structures. The fungi that predominantly compose the lichen body belong to the Ascomycetes, while the algal partners contribute to the overall structure. This association enhances the ability of both fungi and algae to survive in suboptimal environmental conditions because the thallus structure, physiology, and chemical synthesis of lichens differ from those of the individual fungi or algae that constitute them. Lichens are lower plants that occur in various habitats worldwide and dominate terrestrial ecosystems, covering approximately 8% of the Earth’s land surface. Globally, around 20,000 lichen species have been reported, whereas in Indonesia, 595 species or about 3% of the world’s total have been documented. This study aimed to identify lichen species based on their substrates in the Bale Village area, Tanantovea District, Donggala Regency. The sampling method used was the exploration method. Lichen samples were collected from various substrates, followed by direct macroscopic observations to identify the species obtained. Research sites were determined using purposive sampling, selected based on the environmental conditions and the diversity of substrates where lichens grow. Three locations were designated as research stations: Station 1 (residential area), Station 2 (forest and river area, partly used as a tourist site), and Station 3 (forest area and local plantations). The results of this study identified 10 lichen species belonging to 5 families and found on 3 types of substrates. Environmental parameter measurements at the research sites showed an average temperature of 27.66°C, air humidity of 66%, and light intensity of 828.66 cd. These values indicate warm, humid conditions with moderate to highlight intensity conditions generally optimal for the growth and development of lichens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adrian, Lilies, Lestari M.P Alibasyah, Bustamin, Syech Zainal, Musdalifah Nurdin
Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds in Methanol Extracts of the Fruit and Leaves of Scaevola taccada (Geartn.) Roxb
The mangrove plant Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb is known to have potential as a source of natural bioactive compounds that act as antioxidants. The presence of antioxidant compounds can control ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) and RNS (Reactive Nitrogen Species), which trigger oxidative stress. The purpose of this study is to assess the antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content of methanol extracts from the fruits and leaves of Scaevola taccada originating from the coastal area of Sikara-kara Village, Mandailing Natal Regency. This study is an experimental study conducted in vitro in a laboratory. The extraction process was performed using the maceration method with 80% methanol as the solvent. Total phenolic compounds were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as the standard, while total flavonoids were measured using the aluminum chloride method with quercetin as the standard. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method, with the results expressed as IC50 values. The findings indicated that the leaf extract possessed elevated concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids relative to the fruit extract, with a total phenolic content of 68.896 mg GAE/g extract and a total flavonoid content of 103.612 mg QE/g extract. The fruit extract exhibited a total phenolic value of 43.916 mg GAE/g extract and a total flavonoid value of 11.287 mg QE/g extract. Leaf extract exhibits superior antioxidant activity, evidenced by an IC50 value of 52.832 ppm, in contrast to 342.386 ppm for the fruit extract. This study shows that the leaves of Scaevola taccada have greater potential as a source of antioxidants than the fruit, thereby opening up opportunities for their use as raw materials in the production of herbal medicines.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasbi Assidiqi Nasution, Indriaty Indriaty, Marjanah Marjanah
The Effect of Moringa oleifera Fruits Extract in Lowering Triglycerides Levels in Obesity
Obesity is a global health problem that is often accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia as a manifestation of lipid metabolism disorders. Moringa fruit contains bioactive compounds that have the potential to be a natural hypolipidemic agent. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of moringa fruit extract administration on triglyceride levels in obese model mice. An experimental study used 30 male Sprague Dawley mice divided into five groups: normal control, obesity negative control, positive control with vitamin C 15 mg/kgBB, moringa fruit extract treatment 500 mg/kgBB once daily, and moringa fruit extract treatment 500 mg/kgBB twice daily. Obesity was induced with a high-fat, high-protein feed for 49 days, followed by treatment for 14 days. Triglyceride levels were measured using the ELISA method and analyzed by the One-Way ANOVA test. The obese group showed the highest triglyceride levels (265.767 mg/dL) compared to the normal control (191.639 mg/dL). The administration of moringa fruit extract lowered the triglyceride level to 230,054 mg/dL for a once-daily dose and 212,463 mg/dL for a twice-daily dose. Statistical tests showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the twice-daily treatment group and the obesity group. Moringa fruit extract was effective in lowering triglyceride levels in obese rats, with administration twice daily showing more optimal results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Halim Arif, Tiwuk Susantiningsih, Sri Wahyuningsih, Melly Kristanti, Fajriati Zulfa
Drying's Impact on Antioxidant Compound Levels in Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp. (Temu Giring)
One plant in the genus Curcuma that exhibits potential as a natural antioxidant is Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp., commonly known as temu giring. This species contains phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The objective of this research was to quantify the phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as assess the antioxidant activity of fresh and dried rhizomes. The extraction methods employed were infusion and decoction. Phenolic content was measured using the colorimetric method with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, while flavonoid content was determined using the AlCl3 reagent. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the FRAP method. The highest phenolic content was observed in the oven-dried decoction extract (EDOD) at 6.258 mg GAE/g, and the highest total flavonoid content was also found in this EDOD at 2.899 mg QE/g. The most potent antioxidant activity among the test samples was exhibited by this EDOD, with a value of 12.064 mol FeEAC/g. The results indicate that higher drying temperatures correlate with increased phenolic and flavonoid levels in the temu giring rhizome, consequently influencing the antioxidant activity in the sample.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agustin Yumita, Ni Putu Ermi Hikmawanti, Heksa Mu’adah, Endang Hanani
Computational Profiling of Sapindus rarak (Lerak) Phytochemicals as Potential Antibacterial and Immunomodulatory Agents against Escherichia coli
Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli continues to rise, creating an urgent need for new antibacterial candidates with novel mechanisms of action. Sapindus rarak contains diverse phytochemicals, including saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, yet the molecular basis of their biological activity remains poorly understood. This study aimed to profile the antibacterial and immunomodulatory potential of major S. rarak compounds using a computational approach. Twenty phytochemicals were collected from public databases and evaluated against three targets: E. coli DNA gyrase and DHFR, and human TLR4. Docking analysis identified rarasaponin A and B as the strongest gyrase binders, with binding energies of -9.8 and -9.6 kcal/mol. A 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated stable interactions between rarasaponin A and gyrase, supported by consistent RMSD values and an MM–GBSA energy of approximately -42 kcal/mol. Flavonoids such as quercetin-3-O-glucoside showed preferential binding to TLR4 and were predicted to promote IL-10 induction with minimal TNF-alpha activation. ADMET predictions indicated more favorable pharmacokinetic properties for flavonoids than saponins. These findings support a dual-mechanism therapeutic model in which saponins act as antibacterial agents and flavonoids contribute to balanced immune modulation. Further experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo assays is recommended.
Floristic and ethnobotanical diversity of plants used in traditional craftsmanship in the Kimvula Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Kimvula Territory in the Democratic Republic of the Congo exhibits intensive use of forest plants in traditional craftsmanship, encompassing agricultural tools, furniture, and household artefacts. This ethnobotanical investigation (2014–2016), based on structured interviews and field observations, aimed to document and analyse indigenous knowledge related to artisanal plant use. A total of 76 species belonging to 67 genera and 32 families were recorded, with Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Marantaceae, and Rubiaceae being the most represented families. Prominent species included Elaeis guineensis, Eremospatha haullevilleana, Raphia spp., Alstonia congensis, and Ricinodendron heudelotii, with stems identified as the most commonly used plant part. Millettia laurentii exhibited the highest ethnobotanical use value, while several species showed strong consensus among respondents. Variation in species use between communities reflected both ecological availability and socio-cultural preferences. These findings highlight the pivotal role of forest biodiversity in sustaining rural livelihoods and preserving traditional craftsmanship. They further emphasize the need to integrate indigenous knowledge into conservation planning and sustainable resource management strategies across the Congo Basin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lemmy Lassa, Guy Ilumbe, Jean Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, Blaise Bikandu, Monizi Mawunu, Jean Pierre Habari, Apollinaire Biloso, Da Musa Masens, Félicien Lukoki
Density of Araceae in the River Basin Area of Lawua Village, South Kulawi District, Sigi Regency
Araceae are herbaceous plants belonging to the monocotyledonous group of Angiosperms. They exhibit distinct morphological characteristics in their roots, stems, and leaves, and are generally herbaceous, with plant heights ranging from 90 to 180 cm. These plants hold significant economic and ecological value, as they are utilized as ornamental plants, food sources, and medicinal resources. This study aimed to identify and analyze the density of Araceae in the river basin area of Lawua Village, South Kulawi District, Sigi Regency. The research employed a descriptive qualitative and quantitative approach, with sampling conducted using the belt transect method across three different observation stations. Observations involved counting and recording the number of individuals of each Araceae species within the transect paths. Additionally, each species was documented, and samples were collected for identification based on their morphological characteristics, followed by density analysis. Overall, the study identified 16 Araceae species across 11 genera. These genera include: Alocasia (1 species), Colocasia (3 species), Dieffenbachia (1 species), Epipremnum (1 species), Homalomena (1 species), Pistia (1 species), Rhaphidophora (1 species), Scindapsus (2 species), Schismatoglottis (3 species), Spathiphyllum (1 species), and Syngonium (1 species). The overall density ranged from low to moderate, between 7 and 1,737 individuals, with abiotic conditions including an average temperature of 28 °C, humidity of 62.33%, light intensity of 2,998 Cd, and soil pH of 5.9. These findings provide valuable baseline data for the conservation and sustainable management of Araceae species in tropical riverine ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurfitriani, Samsurizal M Suleman, Moh Sabran, Isnainar, Amalia Buntu, Musdalifah Nurdin
The Increase of White Pulp Diameter of Rat Spleen After CIDR1alpha-PfEMP1 Recombinant Protein Injection
Exploring new protein targets for malaria vaccine development is essential in supporting malaria control strategies. One such candidate is the cysteine-rich interdomain region of Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein-1 (CIDR1alpha-PfEMP1). The spleen, as a lymphoid organ, plays a critical role in immune responses, where activation is indicated by increased white pulp diameter. This study aimed to evaluate the immune response in rats following CIDR1alpha-PfEMP1 recombinant protein injection by measuring the spleen’s white pulp diameter. Twelve male rats were divided into two groups: a control group receiving 0.9% NaCl and a treatment group receiving 150 microgramof CIDR1alpha-PfEMP1 protein. The recombinant protein was administered subcutaneously on days 0, 21, and 42. On day 56, the rats were euthanized, and their spleens were collected, processed, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). White pulp diameters were measured microscopically (100×) using ImageJ software. The mean white pulp diameter was 22.590±3.986 micrometer in the control group and 36.607±6.739 ?m in the treatment group. Statistical analysis using the independent t-test showed a significant difference (p = 0.003). These results suggest that CIDR1alpha-PfEMP1 recombinant protein stimulates immune activity, as indicated by increased white pulp diameter in rat spleens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Risma Aulia Magdalena, Rosita Dewi, Irawan Fajar Kusuma, Sheilla Rachmania, Erma Sulistyaningsih
Isolation, Characterization, and Antibiogram Profile of Fungi from Spoilt Bread
Abstract Bread is a staple food in Nigeria, but its high perishability due to fungal spoilage leads to significant economic waste and public health risks from potential mycotoxin production. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of fungi responsible for spoiling bread in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Twelve bread samples were collected from local vendors in Girei and Yola North. Fungi were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and identified using a polyphasic approach combining morphological characteristics. An antifungal susceptibility test was performed using the agar dilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole against the isolates. The mycological analysis revealed a community dominated by Aspergillus sp., which was present in over 90% of viable samples. Rhizopus spp. were frequently isolated as secondary contaminants, while Mucor, Fusarium, and Penicillium species were less common. Quantification showed high fungal loads, ranging from 4.1 × 10? to 3.9 × 10? CFU/mL. The antifungal susceptibility profiles revealed widespread resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole among the isolates. Aspergillus and Rhizopus were resistant to both (>100% MIC), while Mucor was resistant to fluconazole. In contrast, ketoconazole was the most effective agent, with all tested genera showing sensitivity at concentrations between 20% and 80% MIC. The findings confirm the dominance of Aspergillus in bread spoilage within the study area and highlight a concerning level of resistance to common azole antifungals. The demonstrated efficacy of ketoconazole suggests it could be a viable alternative for preservation. This study provides critical data for developing targeted antifungal strategies and evidence-based policies to extend the shelf life of bread, reduce economic losses, and mitigate mycotoxin-related health risks for consumers in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aishatu Suleiman, AbdulAzeez Mumsiri Abaka, Raymond Istifanus
Prediction of Interaction and Stability of Bioactive Compounds from Acalypha indica L. with Acetylcholinesterase as Alzheimer’s Drug Candidates: A Docking and Molecular Dynamics Study
Alzheimer’s disease remains one of the most challenging neurodegenerative disorders, with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition serving as a key therapeutic strategy. This study evaluated the interaction profiles and dynamic stability of bioactive compounds from Acalypha indica L. as potential AChE inhibitors using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Candidate compounds were screened for drug-likeness through SwissADME and toxicity predictions using ProTox-II. Docking results identified Compound A as the strongest binder, showing a favorable binding energy of -9.2 kcal/mol and forming stable interactions with catalytic and peripheral residues of AChE. A 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated the stability of the protein-ligand complex, supported by consistent RMSD and radius of gyration values. Residue-level flexibility analysis revealed minimal fluctuations in the active site, and hydrogen-bond monitoring indicated persistent interactions throughout the simulation. MM-PBSA calculations yielded a binding free energy of -32.4 ± 3.1 kcal/mol, with van der Waals contributions dominating the interaction. These findings suggest that Compound A is a promising lead candidate for further experimental validation as an AChE inhibitor and may contribute to the development of new therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease.
Anatomical Characteristics and Fiber Morphology of Palmyra Wood (Borassus Flabellifer L.) Originating from Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province
Palmyra wood (Borassus flabellifer L) is a widely distributed palm species in tropical Asia, including East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Its wood has potential applications in construction, handicrafts, and bioenergy, making anatomical and fiber morphology studies essential for understanding its value and utilization. This research used palmyra wood samples from Timor Island, Kupang, in the form of discs with a diameter of approximately 30 cm, taken from the base, middle, and upper parts of the stem. Test specimens were prepared in 2 × 2 × 5 cm dimensions, and analyses were conducted following standard procedures. The results revealed that palmyra wood possesses anatomical characteristics typical of palms, namely collateral closed-type vascular bundles irregularly scattered within parenchymatous ground tissue, with phloem located outside the xylem. Fiber morphology exhibited a gradual reduction in dimensions from the base to the tip of the stem, with fiber diameters ranging from 38.48 to 15.64 µm, wall thickness from 17.09 to 6.92 µm, and lumen diameters from 13.02 to 5.42 µm. The number of vascular bundles also decreased from 3.0 at the base to 1.21 at the tip, with bundle density ranging from 0.49 to 0.20/mm². Overall, palmyra wood exhibits stronger mechanical properties at the base of the trunk, as demonstrated by the anatomy and morphology of its fibers, thus increasing its biological durability. These findings highlight its potential as a structural material, craft resource, and bioenergy feedstock in dryland regions such as NTT.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rynaldo Davinsy, Adrin Adrin, Lora Septrianda Putri, Melkianus Pobas, Luisa Moi Manek, Ni Kade Ayu Dewi Aryani, Mahardika Putra Purba, Emi Renoat, Yudhistira Ardhyana Nugraha Rua Ora, Ika Kristinawanti, Kristianto Wibison So, Yakub Benu
Effects of Red Coconut Tembuluk (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) Extract on Uric Acid Level Reduction in Mice (Mus musculus)
Increased levels of uric acid in the blood can lead to metabolic disorders such as gouty arthritis, which require effective management. This study aimed to determine the effect of red coconut tembuluk extract (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) on reducing uric acid levels in mice (Mus musculus). The study employed an experimental research design using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). A total of 28 mice were used, divided into seven groups with four replications each. The groups consisted of a normal control group (KN), which received food and water ad libitum; a negative control group (K+); a positive control group (K-); and four treatment groups (PI, PII, PIII, and PIV). The negative control group (K+), positive control group (K-), and all treatment groups were induced with lard oil for 14 days to increase uric acid levels. The positive control group (K?) was treated with allopurinol at a dose of 0.026 mg per 20 g body weight. The normal control (KN) and negative control (K+) groups received food and water ad libitum without extract administration. Treatment group PI received 10% red coconut tembuluk extract, PII received 20%, PIII received 40%, and PIV received 80%. The data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that administration of red coconut tembuluk extract significantly reduced uric acid levels in mice induced with lard oil. The most effective concentration in reducing uric acid levels was 80% (PIV), with an average uric acid level of 5.4 mg/dL.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sukmawati Sukmawati, Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati, Manap Trianto, Masrianih Masrianih, Fatmah Dhafir, I Nengah Kundera
Effects of Red Coconut Tembuluk (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) Extract on Creatinine Level Reduction in Mice (Mus musculus)
Creatinine is a key biochemical indicator of renal function, and elevated creatinine levels reflect impaired kidney performance. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a known nephrotoxic agent that induces oxidative stress and renal damage. This study evaluate the effect of red coconut tembuluk (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) extract on creatinine in CCl4-induced mice (Mus musculus). The study employed an experimental laboratory design using 24 male mice, which were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (CCl4-induced), and four treatment groups administered red coconut tembuluk extract at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80%. Renal damage was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 at a dose of 1 mL/kg body weight. The extract was administered orally for eight consecutive days following induction. Serum creatinine levels were measured before and after treatment. The results showed that CCl4 induction significantly increased creatinine levels in the negative control group compared to the normal control, indicating impaired renal function. Administration of red coconut tembuluk extract resulted in a significant reduction in creatinine levels across all treatment groups, with the most pronounced effect observed at the 80% concentration. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA demonstrated a significant effect of the extract on creatinine reduction (p < 0.05), followed by a Least Significant Difference (LSD) test confirming differences among treatment groups. The nephroprotective effect of the extract is likely associated with its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, antioxidants, and L-arginine, which contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress and support renal tissue recovery. In conclusion, red coconut tembuluk extract effectively reduces serum creatinine levels in CCl4-induced mice, with the 80% concentration showing the greatest protective effect. These findings suggest that red coconut tembuluk has potential as a natural nephroprotective agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amelia A Riuh, Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati, Manap Trianto, Masrianih Masrianih, Fatmah Dhafir, I Nengah Kundera
Phylogenetic Analysis of Sulawesi Endemic Butterfly Papilio polytes Using the COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) Gene
Papilio polytes is a butterfly belonging to the family Papilionidae and is endemic to Sulawesi. The evolutionary relationships of this species were investigated through phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA, specifically the COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) region, which was subsequently reconstructed into a phylogenetic tree. This study aimed to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of P. polytes collected from Bakubakulu Village, Palolo District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi, in relation to other members of the genus Papilio from different regions. Specimens of P. polytes were collected using a roaming (exploratory) method, followed by DNA isolation, DNA amplification, sequencing, electrophoresis, and bioinformatics analyses using GeneStudio, DNASTAR, MESQUITE, and MEGA 11. The phylogenetic tree analyses using the Neighbor Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods revealed clear evolutionary relationships. Papilio polytes from Central Sulawesi showed a closer genetic relationship with P. polytes from other regions and clustered within the same clade, whereas other species formed separate clades. Genetic distance analysis based on the COI gene indicated that P. polytes from Central Sulawesi exhibited a genetic distance of 0.00% among individuals, suggesting very high genetic similarity within the population. The genetic distance between P. polytes from Central Sulawesi and P. polytes populations from other regions was relatively low, ranging from 0.00% to 3.86%, while the distance to the outgroup species Eurytides marcellus and Battus polydamas was much higher, ranging from 13.15% to 16.25%. These findings indicate that the phylogenetic relationships among P. polytes populations are very close and consistent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Nurjannah, Lestari MP Alibasyah, Manap Trianto, Masrianih Masrianih, Yulia Windarsih, Amalia Buntu
Antibacterial Activity and MIC-MBC Evaluation of Active Fraction from Paederia foetida Linn. Leaves Against Infectious Pathogenic Bacteria
Antibacterial resistance remains a global health concern, prompting exploration of natural plant-based alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the active fraction from Paederia foetida Linn. leaves against six infectious pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi, Cutibacterium acnes, and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method was used to measure inhibition zones and the broth dilution method to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Results showed that the active fraction exhibited variable antibacterial activity, with the highest inhibition zones recorded against E. coli (6.5 mm), B. subtilis (6.0 mm), and S. dysenteriae (5.0 mm) at 100% concentration. The MIC values ranged from 125 µg/mL (for B. subtilis) to 500 µg/mL (for S. aureus and C. acnes), while MBC values ranged from 250 µg/mL to 1000 µg/mL, confirming bacteriostatic to mild bactericidal effects, particularly toward B. subtilis and E. coli. Compared to the crude extract we reported previously, the fraction displayed lower inhibitory activity, suggesting that the antibacterial effect of P. foetida may rely on synergistic interactions among multiple secondary metabolites present in the whole extract. These findings indicate that the active fraction of P. foetida leaves possesses potential antibacterial properties, suggesting that further studies should focus on exploring synergistic effects among fractions and confirming antibacterial efficacy through in vivo evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Melda Yunita, Muhamad Sadam Safutra, Is Ikhsan Hataul, Siti Nur Azizah, Rosida
Identification of Food Sources of Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793 Based on Pollen Analysis
Apis cerana commonly known as the “Asian honey bee,” has been utilized for thousands of years across Asia, its native region, for honey production and pollination services. This species is often described as the closest “twin” of its European/African sister species, A. mellifera. This study aimed to identify plant species serving as pollen food sources for the honey bee A. cerana based on pollen morphological analysis. The research was conducted using a descriptive exploratory approach in Jononunu Village, Parigi Tengah District, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pollen samples were collected from worker bees during foraging activities and subsequently analyzed through acetolysis and microscopic examination in the laboratory. Pollen identification was based on morphological characteristics, including exine ornamentation, aperture type, and pollen size.The results showed that A. cerana utilized pollen sources from 14 plant species belonging to 12 families, indicating a high diversity of forage resources. The identified pollen morphological characteristics comprised four types of exine ornamentation, six aperture types, and pollen sizes ranging from very small to large, with small- to medium-sized pollen being dominant. Tricolporate aperture types and psilate ornamentation were the most frequently observed characteristics. Based on plant growth form, pollen sources were predominantly derived from tree species, followed by herbs, while shrubs and bushes contributed less. These findings provide important baseline information for melissopalynological studies and may serve as a reference for the management and conservation of A. cerana and its forage plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moh Syahrial Farawansyah, Lestari MP Alibasyah, Manap Trianto, Masrianih Masrianih, Yulia Windarsih, Amalia Buntu
Population Estimation and Habitat Characteristics of Anoa (Bubalus sp.) in Mount Kondoruang, Central Sulawesi
The anoa is a dwarf buffalo endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi and several surrounding offshore islands. Despite its relatively small body size compared to other wild cattle, it is the largest wild terrestrial mammal native to Sulawesi. This study aims to estimate the population size and density of the anoa (Bubalus sp.) in Mount Kondoruang, Central Sulawesi, and to analyze the habitat characteristics that influence its distribution and occurrence. This project began with an information survey conducted from 8–15 June 2024 involving nature enthusiast groups (university student nature clubs) and local communities regarding the presence of the anoa on Mount Kondoruang. Data collection was carried out from 17–28 August 2024. Mount Kondoruang, also known as Kandela in Tojo Una-Una Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Mount Kondoruang has an elevation of 2,870 meters above sea level and features diverse topography, ranging from hilly areas to mountainous terrain with slopes exceeding 15°, and is therefore designated as a Protected Forest area. The ecosystem types of Mount Kondoruang include savanna, lowland forest, lower montane forest, and upper montane forest. Mount Kondoruang remains an important habitat for the anoa, with individuals predominantly found in sub-montane forests. Habitat characteristics, particularly vegetation structure, elevation, temperature, and humidity, strongly influence its distribution. The limited population size and low juvenile detection indicate potential vulnerability, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and strengthened conservation efforts to ensure the species’ long-term survival.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dirham Dirham, Ongky Ongky, Manap Trianto, Yunita Messe
Isolation of Secondary Metabolites from the Antioxidant Active Fraction of Syzygium aqueum Leaves and Its Docking Simulation on EGFR
This study aims to isolate secondary metabolites from Syzygium aqueum leaves and assess their suitability for targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) proteins in lung cancer treatment. The methods utilized include maceration, fractionation, chromatography, and molecular docking. The isolated compounds were characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, FTIR, and NMR techniques. The compounds were 2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone (DMC) and lupeol. Molecular docking simulations were performed between DMC compounds and EGFR proteins (PDB ID: 1M17, 5D41, 5UG8, 5UG9, and 6LUD). Mutations in the EGFR kinase domain, particularly T790M, L858R, and V948R, confer resistance to first-generation inhibitors, including osimertinib. According to the in-silico docking results, DMC shows promise as an alternative inhibitor candidate. It can maintain interactions with the key residue Lys745 and provides stabilization through Asp855 ansamod Glu762. In contrast, osimertinib relies more on hydrophobic interactions and loses direct contact with Lys745, contributing to decreased affinity. This suggests that DMC may effectively overcome resistance associated with mutations, especially T790M, while maintaining crucial interactions within the ATP binding pocket. Therefore, DMC can be developed into a new non-covalent scaffold for treating lung cancer with EGFR mutations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farid Algani, Afrizal Itam, Mai Efdi, Kuntum Suci Mawarni
In Silico Discovery of Potent LpxC-Binding Compounds from Paederia foetida (Daun Kentut) as Promising Candidates against Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria necessitates the discovery of novel antibacterial agents targeting essential bacterial enzymes. Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis enzyme LpxC represents a promising target due to its critical role in maintaining bacterial outer membrane integrity and its absence in mammalian cells. This study aimed to identify potential LpxC inhibitors derived from Paederia foetida (Daun Kentut) using an integrated in silico approach. Bioactive compounds reported from P. foetida were subjected to molecular docking against LpxC, followed by protein–ligand interaction analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, binding free energy calculations, and ADMET prediction. Docking results revealed that several compounds exhibited strong binding affinity toward the LpxC active site, with PF-01 showing the most favorable binding energy (-9.2 kcal/mol) and stable zinc coordination. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the structural stability of the PF-01–LpxC complex, as indicated by low RMSD and RMSF values throughout 100 ns simulation. MM/PBSA analysis demonstrated that van der Waals and electrostatic interactions were the dominant contributors to binding stability. ADMET prediction suggested that while PF-01 showed slightly limited drug-likeness due to molecular size, it remained non-toxic and pharmacologically acceptable. Overall, this study provides molecular-level evidence supporting P.foetida as a promising natural source of LpxC-targeting compounds and proposes PF-01 as a potential lead candidate for further experimental validation against Gram-negative bacterial infections.
Molecular Interaction Mapping of Paederia foetida Phytochemicals against NF-kB p65 Highlights Their Potential in Modulating Systemic Inflammation
Systemic inflammation is a fundamental pathological process involved in the development of various chronic diseases, with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) p65 acting as a central transcriptional regulator of inflammatory responses. Paederia foetida L., commonly known as Daun Kentut, has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory medicinal plant; however, its molecular mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the molecular interactions between selected P. foetida phytochemicals and the NF-kB p65 protein using an in silico approach. Molecular docking was performed to evaluate binding affinity and interaction profiles of major phytochemical constituents, including flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, and phenolic acids. The docking results revealed that several compounds exhibited favorable binding energies and stable interaction patterns with key amino acid residues of NF-kB p65, such as Lys221, Arg246, Ser276, and Glu279. Among the tested compounds, quercetin and asperuloside demonstrated strong binding affinity and multiple hydrogen bonds within the transcriptionally active region of NF-kB p65. These interaction profiles were comparable to those of a reference inhibitor. The findings suggest that P. foetida phytochemicals have the potential to modulate NF-?B–mediated inflammatory signaling at the molecular level. This study provides mechanistic support for the traditional use of P. foetida as an anti-inflammatory agent and highlights its potential as a source of natural compounds for the development of inflammation-modulating therapeutics.
Species and Cladystic of Butterflies (Lepidoptera) in Malonas Village, Dampelas District, Central Sulawesi
Butterflies are a group of insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera, commonly known as scale-winged insects. This study examines the kinship relationships of butterfly species (Lepidoptera) based on morphological and morphometric characters in Malonas Village, Dampelas District, Central Sulawesi, an area that has not been previously documented. The objectives of this study were to identify butterfly characters through morphological and morphometric analyses and to construct kinship patterns that reflect the level of phylogenetic similarity among butterfly species. The research was conducted using a descriptive exploratory method. Sampling was carried out across all areas of Malonas Village, including residential areas, rivers, forests, and plantations, using a roaming survey method with free collection techniques, resulting in 10 butterfly species with a total of 30 individuals. Morphological and morphometric analyses included measurements of wing dimensions and major body parts. Data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) to determine kinship patterns. The UPGMA analysis showed that all species had a relatively high level of similarity, with a similarity value of approximately 0.78, indicating close relationships among species. PCA results revealed that two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained 67.0% of the total morphological variation, accounting for 45.3% and 21.7%, respectively. Loading plots indicated that morphometric characters related to wing size and proportions were the main contributors to the formation of the principal components. Biplot graphs demonstrated species grouping based on similarities in morphological and morphometric characters, as well as positive correlations among variables within the same quadrant. The results of this study confirm that wing morphometric characters play an important role in explaining morphological variation and phylogenetic relationships of butterflies in Malonas Village.
Copyright (c) 2026 Devi Devi, Mohammad Jamhari, Manap Trianto, Yulia Windarsih, Rafiqa Rafiqa, Fatmah Dhafir
Antibacterial Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Cassava Tape Against Salmonella typhi
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from traditional fermented foods, such as cassava tape, are known to produce metabolic compounds with potential inhibitory effects against pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to identify LAB isolated from cassava tape and to evaluate their antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi (S. typhi). This research was a descriptive experimental study using cassava tape samples obtained from three traditional markets in Palangka Raya City. LAB isolation was performed on de Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar supplemented with 1% calcium carbonate (CaCO3), followed by macroscopic and microscopic observations and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was conducted using 16S rRNA gene analysis. Antibacterial activity against S. typhi ATCC 14028 was evaluated using the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Three isolates were successfully obtained and coded as S1, S2, and S3. Molecular identification revealed that isolates S1 and S3 were identified as Limosilactobacillus fermentum, whereas isolate S2 was identified as Myroides phaeus and classified as a non-LAB. Antibacterial activity assays showed that none of the isolates produced inhibition zones against S. typhi at all tested concentrations. These results indicate that cassava tape contains LAB dominated by L. fermentum; however, under the experimental conditions of this study, the isolates did not exhibit antibacterial activity against S. typhi.
Ravenalla Abdurrahman Al Hakim Sampurna Putra S
Copyright (c) 2026 Ezra Eklesia, Hanasia, Ravenalla Abdurrahman Al Hakim Sampurna Putra S, Oktaviani Naulita Turnip, Margaretha Yayu Indah Anugerahny
Identification of Escherichia coli in Gado-Gado Sold Around Tadulako University
Escherichia coli is a pathogenic bacterium that has the potential to contaminate food. Certain strains of E. coli exhibit pathogenic properties and may cause infections in hosts. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in food is a critical concern in food safety. This study aimed to identify the presence of E. coli in gado-gado sold in the canteens of Tadulako University. This research employed a descriptive exploratory laboratory approach. Samples were collected from five different canteens using random sampling techniques. Microbiological analyses were conducted using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, Total Plate Count (TPC), Gram staining, cultivation on selective Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, and biochemical testing using Triple Sugar Iron Agar. The results showed that the average Most Probable Number was 4,900 MPN /mL of sample, while the Total Plate Count averaged 35,800 CFU/mL. This TPC value exceeds the standard set by the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM) of 104 CFU/g, indicating that the food products do not meet the required health standards. Confirmatory tests on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar showed colony growth with a metallic green sheen and reddish coloration, characteristic of Gram-negative bacilli. Biochemical testing on Triple Sugar Iron Agar yielded positive results consistent with the biochemical characteristics of E. coli. Therefore, the findings confirm the presence of E. coli in the analyzed samples.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Amal, I Nengah Kundera, Syech Zainal, Yulia Windarsih, Rafiqa Rafiqa, Abdul Ashari
Identification of Salmonella spp. Contamination in Gado-Gado Sold Around the Tadulako University Campus
Salmonella spp. are Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals and are recognized as one of the major causes of foodborne diseases. This study aimed to identify the presence of Salmonella spp. in gado-gado sold in the canteens of Tadulako University. This research employed a descriptive exploratory laboratory design. Samples were collected from five different canteens using a random sampling technique. Microbiological analyses were conducted through presumptive and confirmatory tests using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, Total Plate Count (TPC), Gram staining, cultivation on selective Salmonella–Shigella Agar (SSA), and biochemical testing using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA). The MPN results showed an average value of 4,900 MPN/mL of sample, while the TPC reached 35,800/ml sample. These values indicate that the food product does not meet the microbiological safety standards established by the Indonesian Ministry of Health, as the TPC exceeds the maximum permissible limit of 104 CFU/mL.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pebi Angreni, I Nengah Kundera, Yulia Windarsih, Mohammad Jamhari, Vita Indri Febriani, Abdul Ashari
Identification of Escherichia coli in Ice Dawet Sold in the Palu City Area
Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacterium from the family Enterobacteriaceae found in the human body and is used as an indicator of hygiene in water, food, or beverages. The purpose of this study was to identify the presence of E. coli in ice dawet sold in the Palu City area. This study used a descriptive-exploratory design with the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, Total Plate Count (TPC), and biochemical testing using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) medium. Samples were collected from five locations in the Palu City area using simple random sampling. Based on the results, the Most Probable Number (MPN) test produced an average value of 18.700 MPN/mL of sample, while the Total Plate Count (TPC) test showed an average value of 26.800 CFU/mL of sample, indicating that the samples did not meet the standards set by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) under the Ministry of Health, which states that the maximum allowable microbial contamination in beverages is 0/100 mL. Confirmatory tests on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar showed colony growth with a metallic green sheen and reddish coloration, characteristic of Gram-negative bacilli. The results of the Triple Sugar Iron Agar biochemical test were positive, indicating biochemical characteristics consistent with E. coli. Therefore, the findings confirm the presence of E. coli in the analyzed samples.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yosphita Sevianti, I Nengah Kundera, Musdalifah Nurdin, Yulia Windarsih, Abdul Ashari, Mohammad Jamhari
The Role of the NF-kB Pathway and Oxidative Stress Markers in the Protective Effects of Peperomia pellucida in a Gastroenteritis Model
Gastroenteritis is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by intestinal inflammation, epithelial damage, and oxidative stress. Activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathway and excessive production of reactive oxygen species play key roles in its pathogenesis. Peperomia pellucida is a medicinal plant traditionally used for inflammatory and gastrointestinal conditions; however, its molecular mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of P. pellucida extract in an experimental gastroenteritis model, with a particular focus on NF-kB pathway modulation and oxidative stress markers. Gastroenteritis was induced in experimental animals, followed by oral administration of P. pellucida extract at different doses. NF-kB p65 expression was assessed using molecular analysis, while oxidative stress was evaluated through malondialdehyde levels and antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase and catalase. Histopathological examination of intestinal tissue was also performed. The results demonstrated that P. pellucida treatment significantly suppressed NF-kB p65 activation, reduced lipid peroxidation, restored antioxidant enzyme activities, and improved intestinal histopathological features compared to the untreated gastroenteritis group. These findings indicate that P. pellucida confers intestinal protection by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for gastroenteritis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisa Savitri, Fendy Prasetyawan, Yuneka Saristiana, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Cornelia Amanda, Konradus Klala Mebung
Regulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses by Extract of Male Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) in Experimental Autoimmune Disease
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysregulated adaptive immune responses, particularly involving CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Current therapeutic strategies often rely on broad immunosuppression, which may lead to adverse effects and increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, the exploration of natural immunomodulatory agents remains an important research focus. This study aimed to evaluate the regulatory effects of male papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in an experimental autoimmune disease model. Male papaya leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol and administered orally to autoimmune disease-induced mice at different dosage levels. T cell populations were analyzed using flow cytometry, focusing on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proportions in splenocytes. The results showed that experimental autoimmune disease significantly increased CD4+ T cell levels and reduced CD8? T cell proportions compared to normal controls. Treatment with male papaya leaf extract led to a dose-dependent reduction in CD4+ T cells and restoration of CD8+ T cell levels. The highest dose produced a T cell profile comparable to that of healthy animals. These findings indicate that male papaya leaf extract modulates adaptive immune responses by rebalancing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations rather than inducing broad immunosuppression. The study highlights the potential of male papaya leaf extract as a natural immunomodulatory agent for the management of autoimmune diseases and supports further investigation into its underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance.
Formulation and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Liquid Soap Containing SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast) and Kombucha from Tea and Lemongrass
Kombucha soap has the ability to inhibit pathogenic microbes. However, the production of soap, particularly kombucha liquid soap, has so far only utilized the kombucha broth. SCOBY, formed from the symbiosis of fungi and bacteria during kombucha fermentation, has potential health benefits, yet its application as an active ingredient in liquid soap has not been explored. This study aimed to formulate liquid soap containing SCOBY and kombucha as active ingredients and to evaluate its antibacterial and antifungal activities. Kombucha was prepared using two fermentation treatments: green tea fermentation (K1) and a combination of green tea with lemongrass decoction (K2). The resulting kombucha broth and SCOBY from each fermentation were used as active ingredients in liquid soap formulations with the following variations: 10% kombucha (K.K), 10% kombucha + 10% SCOBY (K.K+S), and 10% SCOBY (K.S). Each liquid soap was evaluated for its organoleptic properties, hedonic acceptance, antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and antifungal activity against Candida albicans.The results showed that the best treatment was the liquid soap containing 10% kombucha + 10% SCOBY from green tea fermentation (K1), which exhibited inhibition zones of 1.75 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 7 mm against Escherichia coli, and 6 mm against Candida albicans. In contrast, the liquid soaps containing 10% kombucha from green tea fermentation (K1) and the combination of green tea and lemongrass fermentation (K2) showed no inhibitory effect against Candida albicans. These findings indicate that the addition of SCOBY as an active ingredient can enhance the antimicrobial properties of liquid soap, particularly in inhibiting pathogenic fungi.
Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Yuliana, Novin Teristiandi, Aisya Tria Fitriani, Robiatul Adawiyah, Sonia, Aulia Juniarti
LC–MS/QTOF-Based Metabolite Profiling and Antidiarrheal Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Jernang Fruit
Diarrhea remains a major public health problem in Indonesia, particularly in rural areas with limited access to healthcare. In Aceh Province, it is a leading cause of medical visits among children under five. Reliance on traditional herbal medicine persists due to limited access to conventional drugs and concerns over the side effects of synthetic antidiarrheals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the secondary metabolite profile and antidiarrheal activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume (jernang fruit) as a potential Indonesian herbal medicine. Dried fruits of D. draco were macerated using 70% ethanol, followed by liquid-liquid fractionation with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quadrupole time-of-flight (LCMS-QTOF) analysis for secondary metabolite identification. Antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in vivo using male mice induced with castor oil. Parameters assessed included diarrhea onset time, fecal frequency, fecal weight, and fecal consistency. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the simplicia was conducted in accordance with the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia standards. The simplicia met pharmacopeial standards with a high ethanol-soluble extract content. LC-MS/QTOF analysis identified flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, alkaloids, and sphingolipids. The ethyl acetate fraction significantly delayed diarrhea onset and reduced fecal frequency and weight in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose (100 mg/kg body weight) showing the strongest effect, although lower than loperamide. The ethyl acetate fraction of D. draco fruit exhibits significant antidiarrheal activity and contains diverse bioactive secondary metabolites, supporting its potential development as a safe, locally sourced herbal antidiarrheal agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Samaniyah, Ulfa Husna Dhirah, Refa Alaydrus, Aida Apriani
Refuge as a Tool for Pollinator Conservation: Enhancing Biodiversity in RGL (Rimau Gerga Lebong) Citrus Orchards
The RGL (Rimau Gerga Lebong) citrus orchard in Malang Regency, East Java (7°55'12“ S; 112°33'45” E) was the location for this study, which focused on the problem of declining pollinator populations in fruit cultivation areas. The study aimed to analyze pollinator diversity in three types of flowering plants sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), marigolds (Tagetes erecta), and wild cosmos (Cosmos caudatus) grown around citrus orchards, while evaluating their contribution to agroecosystem stability within the framework of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Field observations were conducted from June to December 2024 using a combination of visual censuses and sweep net methods along 100 m × 2 m transects. From the observation results, 29 pollinator species from 10 families were identified, with Apidae as the dominant group that was consistently present in all treatments. These findings indicate that planting flowering plants around RGL orange orchards could support the recovery of pollinator communities while strengthening ecosystem services in integrated agricultural systems.Refuge planting increased species richness (R = 3.87 vs. 3.40 in controls) and total pollinator abundance, although the Shannon-Wiener Index (H’) in refuge areas (1.696) was lower than in controls (2.075), attributable to the disproportionate dominance of Amata huebneri. Sunflower refuge supported the highest pollinator diversity and abundance, marigold effectively attracted Syrphidae and Meliponini stingless bees, while wild cosmos enriched Lepidoptera and solitary bee composition. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis and PCA ordination confirmed that each refuge type produced distinct qualitative shifts in pollinator community structure. This study recommends implementing multispecies refuge systems combining all three plant species proportionally to prevent single-species dominance, broaden pollinator guild diversity, and optimize integrated pollination and biological control services in RGL citrus agroecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yunita Fera Rahmawati, Yuris Setyadin, Budi Purwantiningsih
Phylogenetic Analysis of Sulawesi Endemic Butterfly Papilio blumei Using the COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) Gene
Phylogenetics is a method used to study and analyze evolutionary relationships among living organisms. In phylogenetic studies, organisms that share similar traits or characteristics are considered to have close evolutionary relationships, as they are assumed to have originated from a common ancestor. Papilio blumei is characterized by wings with a bright, iridescent green coloration. This study aimed to describe the phylogenetic relationship of P. blumei based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Sampling was conducted using a roaming (exploratory) method. DNA was isolated using the GS 100gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit. DNA amplification was performed using COI primers (LCO1490 forward and HCO2198 reverse) through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA electrophoresis was carried out using 1% agarose gel, a UV transilluminator, and a gel documentation system. Data were analyzed using GeneStudio, DnaSP, BLAST, DNASTAR, and MESQUITE software, and phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using the Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods in MEGA 11 with the Kimura 2-parameter model and 10,000 bootstrap replications. The results showed that the DNA samples had a 99.50% identity with the reference sequences in GenBank. Genetic variation analysis revealed two haplotypes with haplotype diversity (hd = 0.600 ± 0.175) and nucleotide diversity (phi = 0.00051 ± 0.00015). Phylogenetic tree reconstruction formed a single monophyletic cluster of P. blumei with bootstrap values ranging from 99% to 100%. A genetic distance of 0.00% among populations from Central Sulawesi (PBPSST.1, PBPSST.2, PBPSST.3), North Sulawesi (JQ982056.1), and South Sulawesi (JQ982058.1) confirms that all P. blumei samples have very close genetic relationships.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizkia Khairunnisa, I Made Budiarsa, Isnainar, Manap Trianto, Yulia Windarsih, Fatmah Dhafir
Foraging Activity and Potential Forage Plant Resources Surrounding the Nests of Tetragonula laeviceps
Stingless bees are highly social insects that live in well-organized colonies characterized by a clear division of labor among individuals, including workers, queens, and males. These bees play an important ecological role as pollinators in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. One of the most commonly encountered stingless bee species in Indonesia is Tetragonula laeviceps, which is widely distributed and well adapted to various environmental conditions. T. laeviceps relies on flight activity to forage for nectar and pollen from flowering plants located around its nest. Plants that produce nectar, pollen, and resin, which are further processed into honey and propolis, serve as essential food and material resources for sustaining stingless bee colonies. This study aimed to examine the foraging activity patterns of T. laeviceps and to identify potential forage plant resources surrounding its nest. The research employed a descriptive exploratory design using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Observations were conducted to record the daily flight activity of bees leaving the nest, returning with pollen, and returning without pollen, as well as to identify plant species that potentially serve as forage sources. The results showed that peak foraging activity occurred between 08:00 and 09:00 WITA, indicated by a high number of bees exiting the nest and returning with or without pollen. Foraging activity gradually declined toward the late afternoon, particularly between 16:00 and 17:00 WITA. This pattern reflects the daily rhythm of stingless bees, which includes an orientation and exploration phase in the morning, an exploitation phase during midday, and a gradual cessation of activity in the late afternoon. Observations of forage resources around the nests of T. laeviceps recorded a total of 13 plant species. Among these, seven species produced both nectar and pollen, three species produced only nectar, and three species produced only pollen. The diversity of forage plants indicates that the environment surrounding the nest provides sufficient and sustainable nutritional resources to support the growth and stability of the T. laeviceps colony.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Kadek Deladarmi Yanti, I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, Fatmah Dhafir, Yulia Windarsih, Mursito S. Bialangi
Virulence Factors of Gastrointestinal Pathogens Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Proteus mirabilis Targeted by Luteolin: A Microbioinformatics Study
Luteolin is a natural flavonoid with broad-spectrum antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory properties, making it a promising antivirulence candidate against gastrointestinal pathogens such as Escherichia coli ATCC8739, Salmonella enterica CT18, and Proteus mirabilis HI4320. The increasing global burden of antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for alternative strategies targeting virulence rather than bacterial viability. This study aimed to investigate the interaction of luteolin with virulence-associated proteins of these pathogens using a microbioinformatics-based approach. Protein–compound interaction networks were analyzed using STITCH v5.0, and the resulting FASTA sequences were evaluated using VICMPred, VirulentPred, BepiPred v1.0, MHC I and II Binding Predictions, and PSORTb v3.0 to determine functional classes, virulence potential, immunogenic epitopes, and subcellular localization. The analysis identified multiple virulent proteins targeted by luteolin in each pathogen: cirA, ECs4935, yedX, rbbA, pykA, and pykF in E. coli; fepA, iroN, iroB, sitA, and pykF in S. enterica; and ireA and PMI2409 in P. mirabilis. These proteins are associated with outer membrane iron acquisition, epithelial adhesion, energy metabolism, and cellular homeostasis. Epitope prediction revealed numerous high-scoring B-cell and T-cell binding regions across all virulent proteins, indicating strong immunogenic potential, while subcellular localization analysis showed dominant outer membrane positioning for siderophore receptors and cytoplasmic localization for metabolic enzymes. The collective findings demonstrate that luteolin may exert antivirulence effects by interfering with iron uptake systems, destabilizing membrane-associated processes, and disrupting metabolic pathways essential for colonization and persistence, supporting its potential as a complementary therapeutic agent against enteric bacterial infections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Sulthan Rizqy Syamsuddin, Rian Ka Praja, Nawan Nawan, Astrid Teresa, Agnes Frethernety
The Correlation Between Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22 and Modified Lund-Kennedy (MLK) in Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) Patients
CRS is an inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa. SNOT-22 is a questionnaire that assesses the life quality of CRS patients. MLK is a scoring system that uses nasal endoscopy. This study aims to analyze the correlation between complaints on SNOT-22 and endoscopy findings on MLK. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital from January 2023 to December 2024. A total of 74 patients were included: 45 CRS with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) and 29 CRS without Nasal Polyps (CRSsNP). This study used Pearson’s statistical analysis to identify the correlation between SNOT-22 and MLK in CRS patients, more specifically in CRSwNP and CRSsNP with Spearman’s statistical analysis. There is a correlation between SNOT-22 and MLK in CRS with r=0.408, sig/p value 0.000<0.05; a correlation in CRSwNP with r=0.364, sig/p value 0.014<0.05; a correlation in CRSsNP with r=0.482, sig/p value 0.008<0.05; a correlation between SNOT-22 nasal phase and MLK in CRSwNP with r=0,876, sig/p value=0,000<0,05; and no correlation between SNOT-22 nasal phase and MLK in CRSsNP with r=0,345, sig/p value 0.066>0.05. There is a moderate correlation between SNOT-22 and MLK in CRS, a weak correlation in CRSwNP, a moderate correlation in CRSsNP, a very strong correlation between SNOT-22 nasal phase and MLK in CRSwNP, and no correlation between SNOT-22 nasal phase and MLK in CRSsNP.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iriana Maharani, Crashana Siregar, Tanti Agustina
Investigation of the Anticancer Potential of Vernonia amygdalina Methanol Extract: A New Hope for MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Therapy
MDA-MB-231 is a breast cancer cell line derived from metastatic adenocarcinoma and classified as a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype. This breast cancer subtype is highly aggressive, has a high recurrence rate, and offers limited treatment options due to the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and HER-2 receptor expression. Therefore, the development of advanced therapeutic strategies is urgently needed to inhibit the metastasis of TNBC cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the potential of the methanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves as a natural chemotherapeutic agent for metastatic breast cancer therapy, with a focus on inducing cell death through apoptosis mechanisms. This study was an experimental research that began with the collection and identification of raw materials, followed by the preparation of simplicia, extraction processes, and phytochemical screening. Subsequently, cytotoxicity testing was conducted using the MTT assay, cell cycle analysis was performed using the PI-staining assay, and apoptosis was assessed using the Annexin V/PI-staining assay, all of which were analyzed through flow cytometry. The methanol extract of V. amygdalina demonstrated a moderate cytotoxic effect with an IC50 value of 109.36 µg/mL. The extract induced S-phase cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner, indicating its ability to reduce cell viability by inhibiting DNA replication. In the apoptosis assay, the highest percentage of cell death (3.12%) was observed at the concentration of 54.5 µg/mL, suggesting that this dose produced the strongest apoptotic response among the treatments tested. The methanol extract of V. amygdalina leaves shows potential as a natural chemotherapeutic agent for metastatic breast cancer. The extract can induce cancer cell death through apoptosis, indicating its promise for further development as a supportive anticancer therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ivan Junius Mesak, Ardhi Broto Sumanto
Antagonistic Ability and Fungicide Tolerance of Rhizosphere Actinomycetes from the Hungayono Karst Ecosystem, Gorontalo
Actinomycetes show promise as biological control agents, reducing fungicide use in agriculture due to their bioactive compounds and ecological resilience. This study focused on the initial screening and ecological bioprospecting of actinomycetes from the Hungayono karst ecosystem in Gorontalo by determining their antagonistic activity against the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Neocosmospora solani, as well as their tolerance to the fungicides thiram and benomyl. Potential isolates were identified using molecular methods. Samples were collected from three locations. Rhizosphere soil samples were obtained from plant species: Alocasia macrorrhizos, Ficus microcarpa, and Acrostichum aureum L. Antagonistic activity against root-pathogenic fungi and tolerance to fungicides were used as initial screening criteria to assess their potential as biological control agents. This study successfully isolated 9 actinomycete isolates. The results showed that only 33% of the isolates exhibited inhibitory activity, with isolate RzAH-07 showing a moderate inhibition zone (5.22 mm) against Fusarium oxysporum and weak inhibition (4.18 mm) against Neocosmospora solani, while also demonstrating tolerance to the fungicide benomyl up to 1000 ppm. RzAH-07 was selected as the top candidate due to its two key advantages. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicates that RzAH-07 is closely related to the genus Streptomyces, with a similarity percentage ranging from 98.35% to 99.14% based on GenBank data.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazifah R Adam, Yuliana Retnowati, Abubakar Sidik Katili, Novri Youla Kandowangko, Wirnangsi D. Uno
Phosphate-Solubilizing and Indole Acetic Acid-Producing Actinomycetes from the Plant Rhizosphere in the Hungayono Karst, Gorontalo
Actinomycetes are soil microorganisms that play a crucial role in nutrient cycles and interactions, particularly in nutrient-limited environments such as karst ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the preliminary functional potential of actinomycetes isolated from the plant rhizosphere in the Hungayono karst ecosystem, Gorontalo, as phosphate solubilizers and producers of indole acetic acid (IAA). The study employed a quantitative descriptive approach with soil sampling at a depth of 10–15 cm using purposive sampling. Isolation was performed using the spread plate method on Starch Casein Agar medium, followed by qualitative and quantitative testing of phosphate solubilization and IAA production capabilities. Identification of selected isolates was conducted through 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that 11 actinomycete isolates were obtained from 4 host plants, of which two isolates exhibited low-index qualitative phosphate solubilization activity. However, quantitative results indicated that some isolates that did not form clear zones still produced measurable amounts of soluble phosphate, suggesting differences in method sensitivity. The highest phosphate-solubilizing activity was exhibited by isolate RzPO-09. In addition, four isolates were capable of producing IAA at varying levels, with the highest production observed in isolate RzPH-07 at 0.896 ppm. Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolate RzPO-09 (PZ458677) is closely related to the genus Pseudonocardia, while RzPH-07 (PZ458434) is closely related to the genus Streptomyces. Overall, the isolates obtained show initial functional potential; however, further validation is required through optimization of culture conditions, genetic characterization, plant growth tests, and testing both in greenhouses and in the field to ensure their practical feasibility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusriyah, Yuliana Retnowati, Abubakar Sidik Katili, Novri Youla Kandowangko, Wirnangsi D. Uno
Application of Trichoderma-Enriched Liquid Organic Fertilizer in the Cultivation of Shallot (Allium cepa L.)
Low shallot productivity in Indonesia remains a major constraint for farmers, primarily due to pest and disease incidence. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Trichoderma-based liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) on crop productivity and pest and disease suppression, as well as to determine the optimal application dose for shallot cultivation. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of six treatments and four replications. The treatments were as follows: P1 (control), P2 (10% LOF + 10 mL Trichoderma), P3 (25% LOF + 25 mL Trichoderma), P4 (50% LOF + 50 mL Trichoderma), P5 (75% LOF + 75 mL Trichoderma), and P6 (100% LOF + 100 mL Trichoderma + 50% inorganic fertilizer). The results demonstrated that treatment P5 produced the highest plant height, leaf number, fresh bulb weight, and dry bulb weight. Furthermore, P5 effectively reduced the incidence of moler disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Regression analysis indicated that the optimal dose of Trichoderma-based LOF for maximizing shallot productivity was approximately 77.23%, equivalent to 77.23 mL Trichoderma per liter of LOF solution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wiyudatara, Dulbari, Ni Siluh Putu Nuryanti, Anung Wahyudi
Impact of Polyherbal Extract (HAMACK) On Anti-Oxidative Markers in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Induced Rats
The effects of a polyherbal extract, HAMACK, on antioxidant defences were assessed in with male albino rats with testosterone propionate-induced BPH. Thirty rats (148–156g) were acclimatized and grouped into 6. Group one served as the normal control (2 ml/kg distilled water), while BPH was induced in Group two. Group three received finasteride (5 mg/kg), Groups 4 and 5 were administered with 350 and 700 mg/kg HAMACK respectively, while Group 6 was administered 700 mg/kg alone. Antioxidant status was assessed by measuring reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidise, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase (GST). In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined as a marker of lipid peroxidation. BPH induction significantly (P< 0.0001) reduced antioxidative markers, with a concurrent increase in MDA, confirming oxidative stress. Treatment with finasteride and polyherbal extract significantly (P< 0.0001) restored antioxidant parameters and reduced MDA levels dose-dependently. Additionally, group administered with 700 mg/kg HAMACK alone exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, characterized by elevated antioxidant enzymes alongside reduced MDA. In summary, the polyherbal extract effectively ameliorates oxidative stress associated with BPH by enhancing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defences and reducing lipid peroxidation. Its efficacy suggests strong potential therapy for oxidative stress-mediated prostate conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chidimma Lilian Asadu, Robert Ikechukwu Uroko, Stanley Mary Ubenyi
Optimizing a Synergistic Bacterial Consortium for the Bioremediation of Multi-Metal Contaminated Soils in Jimeta, Nigeria
Soil contamination with anthropogenic heavy metals presents a critical threat to ecosystem stability and public health, demanding the development of sustainable in-situ remediation technologies. This study engineered and optimized a synergistic bacterial consortium for bioaugmenting multi-metal-contaminated soil from an active scrap dump in Jimeta, Nigeria. We isolated and characterized indigenous, metal-resistant strains of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus, which exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations for chromium and other metals that far exceeded in-situ soil levels, confirming exceptional intrinsic tolerance. A systematic multivariate optimization of key abiotic factors defined the consortium's operational window, identifying neutral pH (7.0) and a mesophilic temperature of 30°C as optimal for peak bioremediation efficiency. While individual bacterial species achieved moderate metal removal (21.6–28.6%), the designed tertiary consortium demonstrated markedly superior performance, attaining 62.8% removal, a synergistic enhancement of approximately 125% over the mean axenic culture output. This significant boost is attributed to complementary microbial mechanisms, including partitioned detoxification pathways, syntrophic cross-feeding, and collective production of metal-chelating siderophores. Notably, these optimized conditions align with the prevailing edaphic parameters of tropical soils in Northern Nigeria, underscoring the ecological coherence and practical field applicability of this approach. The findings robustly validate the principle of functional microbial synergy for remediating complex polymetallic contamination. Consequently, this work establishes a scientific and technical foundation for transitioning consortium-based bioremediation from laboratory proof-of-concept to a predictable, scalable field technology. It advocates for a paradigm shift from conventional, reactive cleanup methods toward proactive, ecological engineering strategies that mitigate metal bioavailability, protect agro-ecosystems, and interrupt a key environmental determinant of chronic disease.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abubakar Isah Muhammad, Faisal Bello, Fidelis Fredrick Umaru, Adamu Magaji Bappa
Phytochemical Profiling and Antibacterial Efficacy of Azadirachta indica Against Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi Isolated from Dental Plaque
The global rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) underscores an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Dental plaque has been identified as a key reservoir for multidrug-resistant bacteria, presenting a significant clinical challenge. Aqueous and methanolic extracts were prepared using cold maceration. Qualitative phytochemical screening identified the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and steroids. Antibacterial activity was evaluated through agar well diffusion (to determine zones of inhibition), broth microdilution (for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration/MIC and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration/MBC), and biofilm inhibition assays. Both extracts exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial effects. The aqueous extract demonstrated the highest potency, showing the largest mean inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus (26.07 ± 0.61 mm at 200 mg/mL) and the lowest MIC values (1.562 mg/mL) against both S. aureus and E. coli. The methanolic extract was most effective against E. coli (MIC = 3.125 mg/mL). MBC assays confirmed the extracts' bactericidal action, eliminating S. aureus at 75 mg/mL and Gram-negative pathogens at 100 mg/mL. Biofilm formation was also significantly reduced at sub-inhibitory concentrations. The superior efficacy of the aqueous extract validates traditional aqueous-based preparations and highlights the critical role of solvent polarity in extracting bioactive compounds. The broad-spectrum antibacterial activity correlates directly with the rich profile of secondary metabolites, particularly polyphenols and alkaloids, providing a scientific basis for neem's historical medicinal use. By demonstrating significant activity against resistant, plaque-derived pathogens, this research addresses a notable gap in the literature and positions A. indica as a promising source of antibacterial agents. The findings advocate for subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation of the aqueous extract to isolate and characterize the specific compounds responsible for its activity, facilitating the development of novel adjunctive treatments for AMR.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aisha Marafa Mahmud, AbdulAzeez Mumsiri Abaka, Zainab Abubakar
Cardiopancreatic Effects of Artocarpus heterophyllus in Mercury Chloride-Exposed Wistar Rats: Biochemical and Histological Evidence
Mercury chloride (HgCl2) is a pervasive environmental toxicant that disrupts redox balance and induces structural injury in metabolically active organs, including the heart and pancreas. Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) contains antioxidant phytochemicals, while vitamin E is an established antioxidant; both may counteract mercury-induced toxicity. This study evaluated the protective effects of aqueous Artocarpus heterophyllus fruit extract and vitamin E on cardiac and pancreatic alterations in HgCl?-exposed Wistar rats. Twenty-five adult Wistar rats (180–200 g) were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 5): control; HgCl? (3 mg/kg); Artocarpus heterophyllus extract (1000 mg/kg); extract + HgCl2 (extract administered 30 min before HgCl2); and vitamin E (200 mg/kg) + HgCl2 (30 min prior). Treatments were given orally once daily for 28 days. Body weights were recorded weekly. At sacrifice, heart and pancreas weights were measured and organ-to-body weight indices calculated. Serum antioxidant markers—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA)-were assayed. Lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], HDL-C, and LDL-C) were determined using commercial kits. Cardiac and pancreatic tissues were examined histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). All animals completed the study. Phytochemical analysis of Artocarpus heterophyllus extract showed high total phenolic (29 ± 0.48) and flavonoid (5.4 ± 1.2) contents, with appreciable levels of saponins (19 ± 1.1), tannins (4.7 ± 0.41), and alkaloids (0.70 ± 0.09). Body weight increased significantly in the control group (p = 0.005), whereas HgCl2-treated rats showed minimal weight change (p = 0.777). Heart and pancreas weights and indices did not differ significantly among groups (p > 0.05). HgCl2 significantly reduced serum SOD and CAT activities compared with control, while GPx activity showed a non-significant downward trend (p = 0.067). Serum MDA was highest in the HgCl2 group, whereas extract- and vitamin E-treated groups showed marked reductions. HgCl2 exposure decreased TC and HDL-C and increased TG (p < 0.001). Histologically, HgCl2 induced interstitial haemorrhage and vascular congestion in the heart and vascular congestion with mild inflammatory infiltrates in the pancreas. These alterations were markedly attenuated by Artocarpus heterophyllus extract and vitamin E, with preservation of normal tissue architecture. Mercury chloride induced oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia, and structural injury in the heart and pancreas. Pre-treatment with phenolic-rich Artocarpus heterophyllus extract or vitamin E ameliorated these effects, supporting the antioxidant and tissue-protective potential of Artocarpus heterophyllus and warranting further mechanistic studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edobor Obayuwana, Joseph Raymond Enoghase
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potentials of Selected Nut Extracts on Pathogenic Bacteria and Mycotoxigenic Fungi
The antimicrobial potential of nut extracts has garnered interest due to their nutritional benefits and bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the ethanoic extracts of walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum), almond (Prunus dulcis), and “abere” (Picralima nitida) for inhibitory effects against various pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella spp., and mycotoxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. In-silico analyses provided further insights into the bioactive compounds identified through GC-MS, focusing on their drug-likeness and toxicity profiles. Two key compounds from P. nitida - Diethylphthalate (A1) and 3-oxo-2-pentyl-methylcyclopentaneacetic acid (A3) - demonstrated promising drug-like properties, with A1 being non-toxic and A3 showing mild carcinogenic potential. Molecular docking studies highlighted the extracts’ potential as inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Dengue virus targets, with some extracts outperforming the reference drugs isoniazid and acetaminophen, although none surpassed ampicillin. This study underscores the importance of further research to isolate specific bioactive components, optimize extraction techniques, and explore the full antimicrobial potential of these nut extracts. Future studies should also consider the concentration, extraction methods, and target microorganisms to enhance the understanding of their antimicrobial efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Modupeade C. Adetunji, Anuoluwapo N. Popoola, Oluwafemi S. Aina
Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis Among Women of Reproductive Age in Mukalla City, Yemen: A Comparative Study of Rapid Cassette Test and Cobas e411
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that affects a wide range of mammals, including humans, which serve as intermediate hosts. This cross-sectional study enrolled 85 women during its initial stage. The second stage was the laboratory investigation that included the Cassette and Cobas e 411 tests. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii in the study area was 58.82%. The seropositivity of anti-Toxoplasma IgG (58.82%) was higher than that of anti-toxoplasma IgM (1.18%) by the Cobas test, whereas IgG-positive and IgM-positive cases accounted for 55.29% and 4.71%, respectively, by the Cassette test. This suggests that T. gondii IgG antibodies in women are a reflection of chronic or past infection, while IgM reflects recent and acute T. gondii infection. The highest seropositive rate (70%) was recorded in the age group 33-38. The low sero-positive rate (54.55%) was recorded in the age group 21-26. The present study revealed that 50 % statistic in the abortion results. The results show that women with one previous abortion had a high (53.85%) seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies. Higher sero-positive toxoplasmosis was recorded among women from Al-Deas zones (68.75%), revealing that the rate of infection among low-level women was high (75%). The ownership of animals in relation to the infection was studied. The highest seropositive rate was recorded among women who kept sheep and goats (71.43%), compared to 50% for cat owners, showing a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). In conclusion, toxoplasmosis is a major public health issue among the studied population in Yemen. The Cobas e411 system offers superior sensitivity over the cassette method for antibody detection. Community-wide educational programs emphasizing hygienic animal handling are recommended, alongside the adoption of highly accurate testing protocols to improve diagnostic accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan Pyar, Anwar Salem Al-Hussein, Amani A. Bin Nasser, Ahmed Bawazir, Noura Bawazir, Sarah O. Alsawmhi
Streptozotocin-deoxycorticosterone Acetate-induced Haematotoxicity, Hepatorenal Damage and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic-hypertensive rats: Protective Role of Losartan, Metformin and Glibenclamide Combination Therapy
Diabetes mellitus and hypertension frequently coexist, exacerbating organ damage. This study investigated the protective effects of combination therapy with losartan (L), metformin (M), and glibenclamide (G) against Streptozotocin-deoxycorticosterone acetate (STZ/DOCA)-induced injuries in a diabetic-hypertensive rat model. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: normal control, STZ/DOCA control, and three treatment groups receiving L+M (LM), L+G (LG), or L+M+G (LMG). Hematological, biochemical, oxidative stress, and histopathological analyses were performed after 8 weeks. STZ/DOCA administration induced significant hematotoxicity, hepatorenal dysfunction, and oxidative stress, evidenced by altered blood parameters, elevated liver enzymes (AST, ALT), increased urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde (MDA), alongside reduced antioxidants (GSH, SOD). Histopathology revealed severe hepatic and renal damage. All treatments provided protection, with the LMG combination showing the most comprehensive amelioration of all measured parameters and the best preservation of liver and kidney architecture. Triple therapy with losartan, metformin, and glibenclamide demonstrated superior synergistic protection against combined diabetic-hypertensive organ damage, highlighting its potential therapeutic promise for this complex comorbidity
Copyright (c) 2026 Emuesiri Goodies Moke, Benneth Ben-Azu, Emuesiri Kohworho Umukoro, Peace Omewomano Onyilo, Paul Chinwuba, Onos Onoriode Emoyan, Kenneth Kelechi Anachuna, Ighodaro Igbe, Eric Kelly I Omogbai
Analysis of Flavonoid and Tannin Contents in Pumpkin Seed (Cucurbita moschata) Extract
Pumpkin is one of the herbal plants that possesses various medicinal properties, including antidiabetic, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, due to the presence of bioactive compounds in its seeds. This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds present in pumpkin seed extract using qualitative and quantitative descriptive methods. Qualitative analysis was conducted through color reaction tests using several specific reagents to identify the presence of flavonoid and tannin compounds. Quantitative analysis was performed using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method based on standard solution calibration curves to determine the concentration of each compound. The qualitative test results indicated that the pumpkin seed extract positively contained flavonoids and tannins, as evidenced by the formation of specific color changes in each test. The quantitative analysis showed that the average flavonoid content was 9.34 mg/g, while the average tannin content was 9.42 mg/g. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that pumpkin seed extract contains high levels of flavonoid and tannin compounds, indicating its potential as a natural source of antioxidants. This study is expected to serve as a basis for further development regarding the potential utilization of pumpkin seeds with pharmacological effects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adi Fahri, Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati, Manap Trianto, Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti, Fatmah Dhafir, Masrianih Masrianih
Habitat Characteristics of Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) Nesting Sites in Bukit Jaya Village, Banggai Regency, Indonesia
The Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) is an endemic bird species found in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This species belongs to the order Galliformes and is distinguished by a prominent black, hard casque on its head, an orange beak, predominantly black plumage, and yellowish facial skin. The Maleo exhibits a unique reproductive strategy, as it does not incubate its eggs directly. Instead, it buries them in loose sandy soil that is naturally heated by geothermal activity. According to the 2021 assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Maleo is classified as Critically Endangered under criteria A2cd+4cd (Version 3.1) of the IUCN Red List. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of Maleo nesting habitats in Bukit Jaya Village, Banggai Regency, in order to support the conservation of suitable in situ breeding and nesting environments. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach, focusing on direct field observations and literature review. Sampling stations were determined using an exploratory survey method, in which sites were purposively selected based on habitat characteristics to observe Maleo nesting conditions and the surrounding vegetation. Data collected included nesting-hole depth and width, temperatures inside and outside the nesting holes, sand surface temperature, and humidity. Measurements were conducted three times daily at 08:00, 13:00, and 17:00. The results showed that: (1) nesting-hole depth ranged from 43 to 46 cm, with an average of 44.4 cm; (2) nesting-hole width ranged from 47 to 53 cm, with an average of 50 cm; (3) between 08:00 and 17:00, the average temperature inside the nesting holes was 31°C, the average temperature outside the holes was 35.74°C, the average sand surface temperature was 36.2°C, and the average relative humidity was 72.62%; and (4) the nesting habitat in Bukit Jaya Village was characterized by diverse vegetation growth forms, including trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbing plants (lianas). A total of 16 plant species belonging to 12 families were identified within the nesting habitat. The protection of nesting habitats should be continuously strengthened to help prevent the extinction of this valuable and iconic bird species.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nuraini Nuraini, Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati, Manap Trianto, Fatmah Dhafir, Rafiqa Rafiqa, Masrianih Masrianih
Optimization of Calcium- Enriched Cookies Incorporating Eggshell and Shiitake Powder
Eggshells from chickens can serve as a source of dietary calcium. This research examined the impact of incorporating eggshell powder on the proximate, mineral, and sensory characteristics of cookies. The cookies were made using wheat flour, enhanced with eggshell powder in proportions of 3, 5, 7, and 9%, along with shitake mushroom powder in amounts of 3, 4, 5, and 6%. The samples were labeled as A, B, C, D and E. The dough was prepared using a multi-stage mixing technique, like the creaming method. After that, it was shaped into round cookies, which were baked in a preheated oven at 180 oC for 25 minutes. The results obtained showed that incorporating eggshell powder significantly raised the calcium levels in the cookies, measuring 1085.05, 1505.20, 1975.22, and 2450.11 mg/100g at concentrations of 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%, respectively. Additionally, there is a slight alteration in the texture and sensory characteristics of the cookies. The iron content of cookies containing shitake mushroom powder at 3, 4, 5, and 6 % were 3.50, 3.41, 3.36, and 2.28 mg/100g respectively. The proximate analysis revealed that adding eggshell and shiitake mushroom powder increased the protein content from 8.83% to 14.67%, the ash content from 1.56% to 4.59%, and the fiber content from 0.92% to 2.88%. Simultaneously, it reduced the moisture content from 5.78% to 4.69% and the fat content from 19.03% to 15.93%. To summarize, adding eggshell powder and shiitake mushroom could improve the nutritional profile of traditional cookies, particularly in terms of calcium, ash, fiber, and protein levels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roshan Kunwar, Bishal Thagunna, Smriti Paudel, Anjana Lamichhane, Apekshya Bhattarai, Sandhya Subedi
Proximate Composition, Mineral and Phytochemical Characterization of Mangifera Indica Leaves
This study evaluated the proximate composition, mineral content, and phytochemical constituents of Mangifera indica leaves to assess its nutritional and medicinal potential. Fresh leaves were collected, processed into powder, and subjected to standard analytical procedures. Proximate analysis revealed moisture (11.06%), ash (8.01%), crude fat (3.09%), crude fibre (7.05%), crude protein (17.09%), and carbohydrate (53.70%) contents. Mineral analysis confirmed the presence of essential elements, while qualitative phytochemical screening indicated the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The relatively low moisture content suggests good storage stability, while the appreciable protein, fibre, and ash values indicate nutritional and functional significance. The presence of phytochemicals further supports its traditional use in the management of metabolic and infectious diseases. In conclusion, Mangifera indica leaf possesses significant nutritional and therapeutic properties, highlighting its potential application in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and traditional medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Remi Victor-Osanyinlusi, Eneji Ademoh Sanni
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of Areca Nut Ethanolic Extract Against Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli using Broth Dilution Method
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is the global problems that continously develop. Two bacteria that are the most pathogenic are Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The AMR requires new strategies to address this health problem, including the development of new drugs from natural products. Through this study, we aimed to discovering the antibacterial activity of Areca Nuts against S. mutans and E. coli as potential new antibiotics from natural products. The study begin with extration process, then continued with characterization of extract, bacteria identification, and determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). This study obtained the yield percentage of extract was qualified the standard reference (28.95%). The characterization of extract showed the extract meet the qualification based on loss on drying, water content, ash content and total count plate parameters. The MIC values of Areca Nut ethanolic extract against S. mutans is 250 ppm and against E. coli is 62.5 ppm. The MBC values of Areca Nut ethanolic extract against S. mutans is 500 ppm and against E. coli is 62.5 ppm. The result show the ethanol extract of areca nut seeds has antibacterial activity with bactericidal properties, where the ethanol extract of areca nut seeds is more effective against E. coli bacteria than S. mutans bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adrianz Mario Tethool, Claudius Hendraman B. Tobi, Mustika Endah Pratiwi
Phylogenetic Relationships of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in Rice Field Ecosystems of Parigi Moutong Regency Based on Morphological Characters
Grasshoppers are insects belonging to the order Orthoptera, which comprises a highly diverse group of species distributed across various ecosystems, including agricultural habitats such as rice fields. This study aimed to analyze the phylogenetic relationships among Orthopteran grasshoppers inhabiting rice field ecosystems in Parigi Moutong Regency based on morphological characters and to describe the clustering patterns of the species identified in the area. Sampling was conducted in rice fields using an exploratory survey method with free collection techniques. Species identification was carried out through the examination of morphological characteristics using biodiversity references and taxonomic identification keys. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) implemented in the PAleontological STatistics software (PAST 4.03), while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed and visualized in a biplot to support the clustering results. A total of nine grasshopper species were identified: Phaneroptera falcata, Oxytauchira brachyptera, Scudderia texensis, Atractomorpha crenulata, Tettigonia viridissima, Conocephalus fuscus, Phlaeoba infumata, Oxya serville, and Phlaeoba fumosa. The phylogenetic analysis grouped the species into two major clusters with three levels of relationship. A very close relationship was observed between Phlaeoba infumata and Phlaeoba fumosa (similarity index [SI] = 91%). A close relationship was found between the subclusters consisting of Atractomorpha crenulata, Phlaeoba infumata, and Phlaeoba fumosa, and those consisting of Oxytauchira brachyptera and Oxya serville (SI = 62%). In contrast, a more distant relationship was observed between Conocephalus fuscus and the group comprising Scudderia texensis, Phaneroptera falcata, and Tettigonia viridissima (SI = 47%). These phylogenetic patterns were supported by the PCA biplot, in which P. fumosa, P. infumata, O. serville, and O. brachyptera were positioned within the same component, whereas S. texensis, P. falcata, and T. viridissima occupied different regions, and C. fuscus was clearly separated from the other species. This study provides scientific information on morphology-based phylogenetic relationships among grasshopper species in rice field ecosystems, which may serve as a foundation for taxonomic studies and as a reference for biology education concerning grasshopper phylogeny.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mia Pinasti Azizah, I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, I Nengah Kundera, Abdul Ashari, Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti
Phylogenetic Analysis of Sulawesi Endemic Butterfly Cethosia myrina Using the COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) Gene
Cethosia myrina is a butterfly species belonging to the family Nymphalidae and is endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. The phylogenetic relationships of this species were investigated through molecular phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetics is a method used to examine the evolutionary relationships among living organisms. This study aimed to describe the phylogenetic relationships of C. myrina based on the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene. Samples were collected using an exploratory survey method. Genomic DNA was isolated using the GS 100gSYNC™ DNA Extraction Kit. DNA amplification was performed using COI primers (LCO1490 forward and HCO2198 reverse) through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Amplified DNA fragments were visualized using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, a UV transilluminator, and a gel documentation system. Subsequent bioinformatics analyses were conducted using Gene Studio, DnaSP, BLAST, DNASTAR, and MESQUITE software. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods in MEGA version 11, applying the Kimura 2-parameter model with 10,000 bootstrap replicates. The results demonstrated that both the Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods produced phylogenetic trees that clearly illustrated the evolutionary relationships among the analyzed samples. Genetic variation analysis revealed the presence of two haplotypes, with a haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.603 ± 0.165 and a nucleotide diversity (?) of 0.00053 ± 0.00013. Phylogenetic reconstruction formed a single monophyletic clade of C. myrina supported by a 99% bootstrap value. A genetic distance of 0.00% was observed among populations from Central Sulawesi (CMST1.1, CMST1.2, and CMST1.3), Central Sulawesi (EU275514.1), and South Sulawesi (HM998338.1), indicating an extremely close genetic relationship among these populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iin B Mantulangi, Masrianih Masrianih, Manap Trianto, Fatmah Dhafir, Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti, Amalia Buntu
Formulation and Assessment of Nutritious Complementary Food Blended with Germinated (Maize, Millet and Soybean), Carrot, and Coconut Flour
In developing nations, malnutrition related to protein and energy in young children is possibly the most widespread health issue. Complementary foods are essential for the growth and development of children as they address both the nutritional and developmental requirements of infants when breastfeeding alone is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of blending ratio and processing technique on physicochemical composition, and sensory acceptability of quality germinated maize, millet, and soybean, along with carrot and coconut flour based complementary food. The different staples were processed into flours and were combined in ratios of (70:10:10: 5:5), (60:15:15:5:5), (50:20:20:5:5), and (40:25:25:5:5) of maize flour, millet flour, soybean flour, carrot and coconut flour and the samples were denoted as A, B, C, and D. The result revealed that composite the moisture levels varied from 6.55% to 7.15%, with sample C containing 50% maize flour exhibiting the highest moisture content, while sample D with 40% maize flour showed the lowest moisture content. The protein content values of all samples exceeded the 15%. The fat content of the complementary food samples varied between 6.44% and 8.58%, showing highest in sample highest in sample A and lowest in sample E. The range of crude fiber content varied from 1.89% to 4.73%, with sample D showing the highest level and sample E the lowest. The ash content of the formulated complementary food samples increased with the rising addition of maize, soybean, and millet flour. From the sensory analysis sample C recorded the highest score.
Copyright (c) 2026 Season Khanal, Bishal Thagunna, Sonika Ghimire, Ishori Bhandari, Binod Sunar
Assessment of Antioxidant Status, Hepatic Toxicity, and Liver Histopathology in Diabetic Rats Administered Acacia polyacantha Stem Bark Extract
Phytomedicine is increasingly incorporated into modern healthcare; however, safety concerns surrounding herbal remedies necessitate comprehensive toxicological evaluation. Acacia polyacantha is widely used in Nigerian ethnomedicine for diabetes management, yet data on its safety remain limited. This study evaluated the antioxidant capacity, hepatotoxicity, and histopathological effects of methanolic stem bark extract of A. polyacantha in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Thirty rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 5): non-diabetic control, untreated diabetic control, metformin-treated diabetic rats (150 mg/kg), and diabetic rats treated with the extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight for 21 days. Untreated diabetic rats exhibited marked oxidative stress, characterized by reduced superoxide dismutase (46.08 ± 1.86 U/mL) and glutathione (612.40 ± 2.15 µg/mL), with elevated malondialdehyde levels (0.68 ± 0.04 µmol/L), compared with non-diabetic controls (p ? 0.05). Diabetes induction also resulted in significant hepatic dysfunction, evidenced by elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 60.60 ± 0.69 U/L) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 70.11 ± 1.08 U/L), reduced albumin (7.48 ± 1.78 g/dL) and total protein (9.63 ± 2.20 g/dL), increased total bilirubin (1.41 ± 0.21 mg/dL), and vascular congestion. Treatment with A. polyacantha extract improved liver function parameters, with the most pronounced effect observed at 200 mg/kg. The medium dose (200 mg/kg) significantly normalized AST (41.26 ± 0.89 U/L) and ALT (46.13 ± 1.02 U/L), restored albumin (6.02 ± 0.25 g/dL) and total protein (12.21 ± 0.96 g/dL), and reduced bilirubin levels (1.36 ± 0.08 mg/dL), comparable to metformin-treated and non-diabetic rats (p ? 0.05). Histopathological findings corroborated the biochemical results, revealing near-normal hepatic architecture in extract-treated groups. These findings demonstrate that A. polyacantha stem bark extract exerts significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, supporting its relative safety and therapeutic potential in diabetes management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tajudeen Olanrewaju Yahaya, Esther Oladele, Mutiyat Kehinde Adewale, Sa'adat Haliru, Jamilu Bala Danjuma
Diversity of Butterfly (Suborder: Rhopalocera) in the Kapopo Grand Forest Park Area, Central Sulawesi
Butterflies are important components of biodiversity, serving as pollinators and environmental bioindicators. This study aimed to assess butterfly diversity (Suborder Rhopalocera) in the Kapopo Grand Forest Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed using purposive sampling across three observation stations representing high-vegetation, low-vegetation, and riverine habitats. Data were collected through field surveys conducted during morning and afternoon observation periods, and species were identified based on morphological characteristics. Species diversity was analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. A total of 26 butterfly species belonging to three families Nymphalidae, Pieridae, and Papilionidae were recorded, comprising 323 individuals. Nymphalidae was the most species-rich family with 13 species, followed by Pieridae (7 species) and Papilionidae (6 species). The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H') was 1.5, indicating a moderate level of species diversity (1 <= H' <= 3). This result suggests that habitat conditions within the Kapopo Grand Forest Park remain relatively stable and suitable for sustaining butterfly populations. Variations in habitat characteristics among observation stations, particularly differences in vegetation structure and levels of human disturbance, influenced the distribution and abundance of butterfly species throughout the study area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Murni Ammalia, Abd. Hakim Laenggeng, Manap Trianto, Masrianih, Amalia Buntu, Fatmah Dhafir
Diversity of Freshwater Shrimp in Toaya Village, Sindue District, Donggala Regency Based on Phenotypic Data
Freshwater shrimp are aquatic resources that play important ecological and economic roles and exhibit considerable species diversity, characterized by variations in phenotypic traits. Information regarding the diversity of freshwater shrimp species and phenotypic variation in Toaya Village remains limited; consequently, data on the level of phenotypic diversity among species are still largely unavailable. This study aimed to identify the diversity of freshwater shrimp species and analyze their phenotypic characteristics, including morphometric and meristic traits, using a multivariate analytical approach. This research employed a descriptive-exploratory design with random sampling conducted across three observation stations. The collected freshwater shrimp specimens were identified based on morphological characteristics using established scientific literature as references and were subsequently measured using 40 phenotypic characters. The resulting data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA). The results revealed the presence of four freshwater shrimp species, namely Macrobrachium mammilodactylus, Macrobrachium empulipke, Macrobrachium equidens, and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. These four species exhibited a phylogenetic relationship with a similarity coefficient of approximately 0.78. At the species level, individuals showed high phenotypic similarity (0.97–0.98), reflecting the consistency of phenotypic traits within each species. Principal Component Analysis demonstrated that the first two principal components accounted for the majority of phenotypic variation, with the greatest contributions originating from specific morphometric and meristic characters. This study concludes that the multivariate analytical approach applied was both effective and efficient in revealing diversity patterns based on phenotypic characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Risnawati Risnawati, I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, I Nengah Kundera, Yulia Windarsih, Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti
Mineral composition and total polyphenol content of polysaccharide-rich extracts from the edible mushroom Auricularia delicata
This study aimed to evaluate the biopharmaceutical potential of polysaccharides from A. delicata, commonly consumed as an edible mushroom by the populations of Kinshasa and its surroundings. This biopharmaceutical aspect makes the species a functional food and a source for the production of new drugs against several human diseases. The objective of the study is to measure the mineral composition and total polyphenol content present in extracts rich in polysaccharides from A. delicata. These compounds are reported in the literature as having antioxidant and other biological activities. The results obtained confirmed a moderate fraction of the total polyphenol content, detected at an absorbance of 10.256 ± 0.363 mg GAE/g, and mineral elements, of which iron is dominant in higher quantities than the 19 other minerals measured from polysaccharide-rich extracts. The mineral composition and total polyphenol content in polysaccharide-rich extracts of Auricularia delicata show how much the species is a source of functional food (alicament), with medicinal and therapeutic properties. The presence of these compounds (mineral elements and polyphenols) offers hope for the use of A. delicata in the biopharmaceutical field by the populations of Kinshasa and its surroundings, but also provides a basis for the development of biologically active molecules.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alain Tshisuaka Nkongolo, Daddy Kanika Kileshe, Roger Batubenga, Clément Liyongo Inkoto, Gertrude Luswamu Mbumbu, Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, Joseph Kasali Lumande, Jeff Bekomo Iteku, Simon Mpulusu Dibaluka
Phytochemical Identification of Secondary Metabolite Compounds in Leaf Extracts of Sente (Alocasia macrorrhizos), Guava (Psidium guajava L.), and Their Combination
The presence of secondary metabolites in plants plays an important role in their biological activities and supports the use of natural ingredients as candidates for phytopharmaceutical development. This study evaluated the phytochemical profile of ethanol extracts of sente leaves (Alocasia macrorrhizos) and guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.), as well as their combined extract. The extracts were obtained using maceration, followed by qualitative phytochemical screening, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and FTIR analysis. Physicochemical parameters showed that the moisture content of sente and guava leaves was 4.251% and 4.617%, respectively, while the ash content was 0.97% for sente and 0.59% for guava leaves. The extraction yield of guava leaves (3.81%) was higher than that of sente leaves (2.59%). The results showed that A. macrorrhizos contained flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids, whereas P. guajava exhibited a more complete profile, including alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids. The combined extract yielded positive results for almost all tested metabolite groups. The UV-Vis spectra showed absorption peaks in the range of 321–369 nm, while the FTIR spectra revealed the presence of –OH, aliphatic C–H, aromatic C=C, and C–O functional groups. Overall, the findings indicate that both extracts and their combination have strong potential as sources of bioactive compounds and may be further developed for phytopharmaceutical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adelia Permata Dewi, Majida Ramadhan, Faisal, Qonita Mukrimatul Hijjah, Naura Dinada Zulfa Salsabila, Nafisa
Total Flavonoid and Tannin Content in Pumpkin Stem Extract (Cucurbita moschata)
Cucurbita moschata is a medicinal plant that possesses various pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, which are associated with its bioactive compound content. One plant part that has been relatively underutilized is the pumpkin stem, although it has the potential to contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and tannins. This study aimed to identify and determine the levels of bioactive compounds in pumpkin stem extract based on stem maturity stages, namely young stems and mature stems, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative analysis was conducted through phytochemical screening using color reaction methods with specific reagents to detect flavonoids and tannins. Quantitative analysis was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry based on standard calibration curves. The results showed that pumpkin stem extract tested positive for both flavonoids and tannins. Quantitative analysis indicated that the flavonoid content in young stems was 7.22, which was higher than in mature stems (3.00). In contrast, tannin content was higher in mature stems (9.03) compared to young stems (5.02). These differences indicate that flavonoids are more dominant in young tissues with active metabolic activity, whereas tannins tend to accumulate in mature tissues as part of plant defense mechanisms. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that pumpkin stem extract contains flavonoid and tannin compounds with varying levels depending on stem maturity, suggesting its potential as a natural source of antioxidants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vadillah Vadillah, Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati, Manap Trianto, Fatmah Dhafir, Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti, Masrianih Masrianih
Population Density and Distribution Pattern of Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata L.) in the Rice Field Ecosystem
The golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) is a freshwater mollusc species commonly found in rice field ecosystems and is recognized as one of the major pests of rice crops. This species possesses a high adaptive capacity and a rapid reproductive rate, allowing its population to increase rapidly and cause significant damage to rice plants. Nevertheless, the golden apple snail also has ecological roles and potential benefits, including serving as an alternative feed source for livestock and fish, as well as contributing to the decomposition of organic matter in aquatic environments. This study aimed to analyze the population density and distribution pattern of the golden apple snail in the rice fields of Dolago Padang Village, South Parigi District. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach using a field survey method. Data were collected using a quadrat sampling technique with plot sizes of 2 × 2 m established at three different observation stations. The number of golden apple snail individuals within each plot was counted directly and subsequently analyzed to determine population density and distribution patterns using the Morisita Index. In addition, environmental parameters, including water temperature and pH, were measured. The results showed that a total of 90 golden apple snail individuals were recorded during the study. Population density ranged from 1 to 2 individuals/m², which was categorized as moderate. The distribution pattern of the golden apple snail at all observation stations was classified as uniform, as indicated by Morisita Index values below 1 (Id < 1). Environmental conditions, with temperatures ranging from 27–30°C and pH values between 6.5 and 7.2, were within the optimal range supporting the presence and development of the golden apple snail.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sinta Sinta, Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati, Manap Trianto, Masrianih Masrianih, Rafiqah Rafiqah, Fatmah Dhafir
Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Activities of Mimosa pudica Linn. Leaf Extract Combined with Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Against Human Colorectal Cancer HCT116 Cell
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with oxidative stress playing a pivotal role in colorectal carcinogenesis. The limitations of conventional therapies, including systemic toxicity and drug resistance, have driven the exploration of alternative therapeutic agents derived from natural products. Mimosa pudica Linn. leaves are known to contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anticancer properties; however, their clinical application is limited by poor biopharmaceutical characteristics. The combination of Mimosa pudica leaf extract with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is expected to enhance its biological efficacy through nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. This study was conducted as an in vitro experimental investigation. Mimosa pudica Linn. leaf extract was prepared using an extraction method and subsequently combined with silver nanoparticles. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay, with ascorbic acid serving as a positive control. Cytotoxic activity against the human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 was assessed using the MTT assay to determine cell viability and IC50 values. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate differences among treatment groups. The results demonstrated that Mimosa pudica Linn. leaf extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, although it was lower than that of ascorbic acid. In cytotoxicity assays, the leaf extract reduced HCT116 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the combination of Mimosa pudica leaf extract with silver nanoparticles produced a more pronounced cytotoxic effect compared to the extract alone, as indicated by a greater reduction in cell viability and lower IC50 values. In conclusion, Mimosa pudica Linn. leaf extract possesses antioxidant and cytotoxic activities against HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. Its combination with silver nanoparticles enhances cytotoxic potency, highlighting its potential as a nanomedicine-based anticancer candidate for colorectal cancer therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmad Fajral Ilhami, Dian Pertiwi, Dessy Arisannty, Yanti Rahayu
Immunomodulatory Effects of Male Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.) on Interferon-gamma and Interleukin-6 Levels in an In Vivo Viral Infection Model
Viral infections pose a significant challenge to global health due to their ability to disrupt immune homeostasis and trigger excessive inflammatory responses. Immunomodulatory agents that enhance antiviral immunity while controlling inflammation are therefore essential. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of male papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) on Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in an in vivo viral infection model. Male papaya leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol and administered orally to virus-infected Wistar rats at two different doses for 14 days. Serum levels of IFN-gamma and IL-6 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results demonstrated that viral infection significantly decreased IFN-gamma levels and increased IL-6 levels compared to the normal control. Treatment with male papaya leaf extract resulted in a dose-dependent increase in IFN-gamma and a significant reduction in IL-6 levels compared to the negative control group. The high-dose extract group showed the most pronounced immunomodulatory effect, comparable to or exceeding that of the positive control. These findings indicate that male papaya leaf extract has potential as a natural immunomodulatory agent by enhancing antiviral immune responses and suppressing excessive inflammation. Further studies are recommended to explore its molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications.
In vitro Study of the Antibiofilm Potential of Bay Leaf Extract (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) against Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans
The ability to form biofilms is one of the characteristics of microbes that has the potential to cause antimicrobial resistance. The oral cavity environment, which is frequently exposed to external environments and has a specific histological structure, can lead to the accumulation of EPS, thereby increasing the risk of biofilm formation. Streptococcus is one of the bacterial groups known to have the ability to produce biofilms. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp), a member of the Syzygium genus that has been widely used in treating infectious diseases, both traditionally and medically, due to their eugenol content, are suspected to have antibiofilm activity. This study aimed to prove the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of ethanol extract of bay leaves against Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans bacteria. This study used a post-test only controlled group design, with a microtiter plate assay technique, and determination of MIC50 and MBIC50 through a probit test. The bacterial test results showed that the MIC50 values for Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans were 37.57% and 9.65%, respectively, while the MBIC50 values were 6.41% and 29.98%, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) values for both test bacteria, in both the antibacterial and antibiofilm tests, were close to 1. Thus, it can be concluded that bay leaf extract is effective as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans bacteria, with a stronger antibiofilm effect than its antibacterial effect.
Muhammad Marcelliano Rifky Aditomo Putra
Copyright (c) 2026 Listiana Masyita Dewi, Azka Tarisa Atmaja, Muhammad Marcelliano Rifky Aditomo Putra, Devi Usdiana Rosyidah, Nurhayani Nurhayani, Rima Munawaroh
Exploration of the Anxiolytic Potential of Red Shoot Leaf Extract through Elevated Plus Maze and Light-Dark Box Tests in White Mice
Anxiety disorders remain a major global mental health concern, with increasing prevalence and limitations associated with long-term pharmacotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic potential of ethanol extract of Syzygium myrtifolium leaves using in vivo behavioral models. Dried leaves were extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol, yielding 16.69% extract. The results of phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, as well as terpenoids. Fifteen male white mice were randomly divided into five groups: negative control (0.5% Na-CMC), positive control (diazepam 1 mg/kgBW), and extract-treated groups (100, 200, and 300 mg/kgBW). Anxiolytic activity was assessed using the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Light–Dark Box (LDB) tests. In the EPM model, extract doses of 200 and 300 mg/kgBW significantly increased the time spent in open arms compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). Similarly, in the LDB test, higher extract doses significantly prolonged the duration in the illuminated compartment (p < 0.05). Statistical analysis confirmed normal data distribution and significant differences among groups (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The findings indicate that Syzygium myrtifolium leaf extract exhibits significant anxiolytic-like activity, likely associated with its flavonoid content and antioxidant properties. These results support its potential development as a plant-based alternative therapy for anxiety management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sari Nurdian, Triyana Agustin, Novita Yelica Umina, Aziz Suhada, Helman Kurniadi
Phylogenetic Analysis of Schistosoma japonicum Based on 16S rRNA Gene
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma and remains a public health concern in several endemic areas of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. DNA-based molecular approaches have been increasingly applied to support species identification and the analysis of genetic relationships in Schistosoma japonicum. This study aimed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation of S. japonicum based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Samples of Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis were collected from endemic areas surrounding Lake Lindu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Detection of S. japonicum was performed using the crushing method, followed by DNA extraction with the GS 100gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit. Amplification of the 16S rRNA gene was carried out using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique with the primers LR13107-F and LR12647-R. Sequence data were analyzed using BLAST, MEGA 11, MESQUITE, DNASTAR, GeneStudio, and DnaSP software. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods with 10,000 bootstrap replicates. PCR amplification produced clear and high-quality DNA bands. BLAST analysis revealed query cover values ranging from 99.90% to 100% and sequence identity of 100% with Schistosoma japonicum sequences available in GenBank. Genetic variation analysis indicated low genetic diversity, characterized by two haplotypes, one variable site, haplotype diversity of 0.500 ± 0.170, and nucleotide diversity of 0.00055 ± 0.00015. Nucleotide composition analysis showed that thymine (T) was the most abundant nucleotide (43.53%), and the A+T content (72.14%) was higher than the G+C content (27.87%), a characteristic feature of mitochondrial genomes. Phylogenetic reconstruction using both NJ and ML methods consistently clustered the Central Sulawesi samples with S. japonicum populations from Shanghai and Guangdong, China, with strong bootstrap support values ranging from 99% to 100%. Genetic distance analysis based on the Kimura 2-Parameter model revealed genetic divergence values of 0.00–0.00% among Central Sulawesi samples and between the Indonesian and Chinese populations, indicating very close genetic relationships and high genetic homogeneity. These findings demonstrate that S. japonicum populations in Central Sulawesi exhibit low genetic variation and share close phylogenetic relationships with other Asian populations, providing valuable molecular information to support the development of schistosomiasis surveillance and control strategies in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Safani Safani, Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati, Manap Trianto, I Nengah Kundera, Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti, Masrianih Masrianih
Morphological and Cytological Characteristics of Tomato Plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Induced by Tapak Dara (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don) Extract
Polyploidy is commonly induced using antimitotic agents such as colchicine, which is imported and relatively expensive, therefore, alternative antimitotic agents derived from local resources are needed. There are three main classes of antimitotic agents: taxanes, vinca alkaloids, and colchicine. Taxanes are obtained only from the bark of the western yew plant, colchicine is derived from Colchicum autumnale L., and vinca alkaloids are obtained from the tapak dara plant (Catharanthus roseus). Therefore, the tapak dara plant has great potential as a source of antimitotic agents other than colchicine. This study aimed to determine the effect of tapak dara flower extract on the morphological and cytological characteristics of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The research used a completely randomized design with four treatment levels and five replications: P0 = control treatment, P1 = 0.05% concentration, P2 = 0.1% concentration, and P3 = 0.15% concentration, with a soaking duration of 10 hours. The observed parameters included germination percentage (%), plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers, and chromosome number. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% significance level. The results showed significant effects on the number of leaves, number of flowers, and chromosome number. Treatment P1, with a concentration of 0.05%, was the best treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tri Wulandari, Ika Listiana, Ovi Prasetya Winandari
Development of Ethanol Extract Combination of Red Shoot Leaves (Syzygium myrtifolium) and Bilimbi Leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) as an Anti-Propionibacterium acnes Agent in Acne Spot Formulation
Propionibacterium acnes is a Gram-positive bacterium and the primary causative agent of acne, which is commonly treated with the antibiotic clindamycin. However, inappropriate use of clindamycin can lead to bacterial resistance. This study explores a natural therapeutic alternative using a combined ethanol extract of red shoot leaves (Syzygium myrtifolium) and bilimbi leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.), formulated into an acne spot gel preparation. The objectives of this research were to identify secondary metabolites and to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of the combined extract against P. acnes. Qualitative phytochemical screening, FTIR analysis, and antibacterial activity assays using the disk diffusion method at concentrations of 2.5–10% were conducted to evaluate both the extract and the gel preparation. The results confirmed the presence of flavonoids with O–H (3000–3500 cm-¹), C–O, and C=O functional groups, which are associated with antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of the extract showed inhibition zones of 6.5–12 mm, proportionally correlated with concentration. Meanwhile, the acne spot gel containing 17.5% of the combined extract exhibited an inhibition zone of 18.5 mm, greater than that of the commercial product (Wardah acne spot, 15.2 mm), indicating strong inhibitory activity (10–20 mm). Quality evaluation of the gel preparation demonstrated that pH, viscosity, and spreadability complied with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 16-4399-1996) requirements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Micha Mahardika, Isna Lailatusholihah, Miftahul Jannah
Analysis of Daily Behavioral Patterns of Purebred Cats Before and After Sterilization
Male domestic cats tend to exhibit different behaviors influenced by reproductive hormones, such as aggression, territorial instincts, and relatively high levels of exploratory activity. Sterilization (castration) has been shown to reduce the production of these hormones, which may consequently affect cats' daily behavioral patterns. This study aimed to examine changes in the daily behavior of domestic male cats before and after sterilization (castration). Observations were conducted on 15 cats (A–O), with variables including feeding frequency, sleeping patterns, grooming behavior, play activity, aggressive behavior, social interactions, and physical health. The method employed was direct observation of cat behavior before and after the sterilization procedure. The findings revealed significant behavioral changes following sterilization, including reduced aggression, decreased roaming activity, increased resting time, and more regular feeding patterns. In addition, social interactions with humans and other cats increased, while the cats’ physical condition became more stable. The degree of behavioral change varied among individual cats and was influenced by factors such as breed, age, individual temperament, and the environment in which they were kept. Therefore, sterilization not only plays an important role in population control but also contributes to improved behavioral stability and overall welfare in domestic male cats.
Copyright (c) 2026 Henny Chandra, Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati, Syech Zainal, Fatmah Dhafir, Masrianih Masrianih, Manap Trianto
Antagonistic Ability and Fungicide Tolerance of Actinomycetes from the Rhizosphere of Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants in Gorontalo
Actinomycetes are a group of microbes that live in the rhizosphere of plants and play an important role in soil microbial dynamics. This study aims to describe the antagonistic ability against pathogenic molds and tolerance to fungicides in actinomycetes from the rhizosphere of maize plants in Gorontalo. This research is descriptive uses a quantitative approach and employs a purposive sampling technique. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from maize fields in the hilly area of Bontula Village, Asparaga District, Gorontalo Regency. The results showed the presence of 7 actinomycetes isolates with different morphological characteristics, namely RFZm-PG, RFZm-PLG, RFZm-PW, RFZm-PB, RFZm-PR, RFZm-PY, and RFZm-PO. Antagonistic tests showed that four isolates (RFZm-PB, RFZm-PG, RFZm-PLG, RFZm-PW) inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum and Neocosmospora solani with an inhibition percentages of 66.38%-89%. The fungicide tolerance test showed that the seven isolates were tolerant to thiram, dimethomorph and benomyl, with the highest inhibitory effect by thiram. Isolates RFZm-PG and RFZm-PLG had the highest tolerance up to 500 ppm, while other isolates were tolerant only up to 400 ppm. Molecular analysis showed that RFZm-PG belongs to the genus Streptomyces (100% similarity with Streptomyces enissocaesilis), while RFZm-PLG belongs to Nocardiopsis (100% similarity with Nocardiopsis synnemataformans).
Copyright (c) 2026 Danial Mohamad, Yuliana Retnowati, Novri Youla Kandowangko, Abubakar Sidik Katili, Wirnangsi Din Uno
Application of Some Selected Plants Biomasses in Treatment of Wastewater
Wastewater contains several different hazardous substances and its consumption causes various diseases. Different plants biomasses have phytoremediation potential with significant application in wastewater treatment. The heavy metals contents of the treated and untreated wastewater sample were estimated using atomic absorption spectroscopic method. The physicochemical properties of the treated and untreated wastewater sample were determined using standard equipment and analytical methods. The total and faecal coliforms count was performed using membrane filtration method. In comparison, with the untreated wastewater, T. domingensis and P. glaucifolium exhibited significant (p < 0.05) decrease in pH, turbidity, conductivity, total hardness (TH), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total alkalinity (TA), chloride, sulphate, phosphate, and nitrate level in the wastewater sample with high percentage removal of the physicochemical contaminants. The wastewater sample treated with T. domingensis and P. glaucifolium displayed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the level of Ni, Mn, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Co in the wastewater sample compared with the untreated sample. the coliforms load in the wastewater sample. The total and faecal coliforms load in the wastewater sample treated with T. domingensis and P. glaucifolium was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced compared with the untreated wastewater sample. The Typha domingensis demonstrated high significant (p < 0.05) removal efficiency against the physicochemical contaminants, heavy metals, andtotal and faecal coliforms population in the wastewater compared to the Pennisetum glaucifolium.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jabir Danyaya Aliyu, Ibrahim Abubakar, Sani Maliki, Siddiku Gwadangaji Umar
Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Flour Addition on Iron (Fe) and Vitamin A Levels of Crackers as a Healthy Snack
Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf crackers are an innovative food product that can be utilized as a nutritious snack. Moringa is widely recognized as a superfood due to its high nutritional value, including proteins, vitamins, and minerals that provide various health benefits. In the context of improving community dietary patterns, these crackers may serve as a healthier snack alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera leaf supplementation in increasing the iron (Fe) and vitamin A contents of crackers as a healthy snack alternative. The analyses were conducted using a spectrophotometric method with standard calibration curves to determine iron and vitamin A concentrations. The treatments consisted of different concentrations of Moringa leaf powder: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. The results showed that the addition of Moringa leaf powder significantly increased the iron content, from 0.67 mg/100 g in the control treatment to 3.05 mg/100 g at the highest concentration. Vitamin A content also increased with increasing levels of Moringa leaf supplementation, although the trend was not entirely linear due to the effects of processing on compound stability. The standard calibration curves demonstrated a linear relationship between concentration and absorbance, indicating that the analytical method was valid. These findings suggest that the incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder effectively enhances the nutritional quality of crackers, particularly in terms of iron and vitamin A content, making them a promising healthy snack option.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suriyanti Suriyanti, Abd Hakim Laenggeng, Musdalifah Nurdin, Masrianih Masrianih, I Nengah Kundera, Yulia Windarsih
Diversity of Insect Species on Bird's Eye Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Tudua Village, Morowali Regency
Insects are the most diverse group of living organisms, accounting for nearly 80% of all known animal species. They belong to the phylum Arthropoda and exhibit a wide range of morphological characteristics. Insects can be found in almost all habitats, ranging from lush tropical rainforests to harsh deserts, as well as aquatic environments such as rivers and lakes. This study aimed to identify and describe insect species associated with bird's eye chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Tudua Village. The research was conducted in October 2025. The study sites were selected using purposive sampling, with three observation plots measuring 10 × 10 m each. Insect samples were collected using a combination of sweeping nets, pitfall traps, light traps, and yellow traps. The collected specimens were identified based on their morphological characteristics up to the order, family, genus, or species level and were analyzed descriptively to determine their ecological roles within the agroecosystem. The results revealed a total of 29 insect species belonging to eight orders: Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Odonata, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Blattodea. The identified insects exhibited diverse ecological roles, including pests, herbivores, predators, pollinators, and decomposers. Members of the order Hemiptera and some species of Coleoptera were the most commonly encountered pest groups. Meanwhile, Araneae, Hymenoptera, and Odonata functioned as natural predators, Lepidoptera acted as pollinators, and Blattodea served as decomposers. The presence and distribution of insects were influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, and soil pH.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Amna Moh. Said, Fatma Dhafir, Syech Zainal, Manap Trianto, Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati, Masrianih Masrianih
Phenetic Relationships of Ferns Based on Morphological Characteristics in an Oil Palm Plantation of Tampaure Hamlet
Ferns (Pteridophyta) are a group of vascular plants that reproduce by spores and possess true roots, stems, and leaves, as well as xylem and phloem tissues. This study was conducted to investigate the phenetic relationships among fern species based on their morphological characteristics in an oil palm plantation located in Tampaure Hamlet, Bambaira District, Pasangkayu Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. A field exploration method was employed, and samples were collected using a free-collection technique. Morphological data were compiled using Microsoft Excel and subsequently analyzed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) in PAST version 4.03. A total of 50 individuals representing 10 fern species were identified from both terrestrial and epiphytic habitats, namely Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus, Diplazium dilatatum, Davallia denticulata, Asplenium nidus, Selaginella delicatula, Pityrogramma calomelanos, Stenochlaena palustris, Lygodium circinatum, Nephrolepis biserrata, and Pteris wallichiana. The UPGMA analysis revealed that Pteris wallichiana and Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus exhibited the closest phenetic relationship, with a similarity index of 0.88. In contrast, the most distant relationship was observed between Selaginella delicatula and Asplenium nidus, with a similarity index of 0.63. The PCA biplot analysis demonstrated that the major variation distinguishing fern species in the study area was primarily influenced by meristic traits, particularly the number of fertile pinnae, as well as overall plant size. These morphological characteristics contributed substantially to species differentiation and the phenetic grouping pattern observed among the investigated fern species.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tiara Tiara, Lestari M.P. Alibasyah, Yulia Windarsih, Musdalifah Nurdin, Manap Trianto, Vita Indri Febriani
NaCl Accumulation in Leaves of Two Salt-Secreting Mangrove Species in Sarudu Village, Pasangkayu Regency, Indonesia
Mangroves are coastal vegetation with a high capacity to adapt to their environment, characterized by distinctive and unique root systems. This study aimed to determine the accumulation of salt (NaCl) in the leaves of two salt-secreting mangrove species in Sarudu Village, Pasangkayu Regency. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach, with samples collected through a survey. Salt accumulation data were obtained through argentometric titration using the Mohr method. Environmental measurements in the mangrove forest of Sarudu Village showed an average air temperature of 30°C, salinity ranging from 29 to 30 ppt, and pH values between 7.0 and 7.1. The results indicated that the highest average salt accumulation in the leaves of Aegiceras corniculatum was recorded at Station 3 (6.08%), while the lowest was found at Station 1 (3.07%). Similarly, in Avicennia lanata, the highest NaCl accumulation was observed at Station 3 (5.33%), whereas the lowest occurred at Station 1 (2.92%). Station 3 exhibited the highest percentage of salt accumulation among all sampling stations, likely because it was located in a coastal area that was frequently inundated by seawater to a depth of approximately 20 cm.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ilma Sahira, Isnainar Isnainar, Vita Indri Febriani, Musdalifah Nurdin, Amalia Buntu, AstijaAstija
Diversity of Mangrove Plant Species Used as Food Resources by the Community in Lalombi Village
Mangroves are distinctive plants that grow in coastal areas, estuaries, river mouths, and sheltered deltas in tropical and subtropical regions. The economic value of mangrove plants lies in their wood and fruit. This study aimed to identify the potential of mangrove plants as food resources in Lalombi Village. The research employed observation, interviews, and questionnaire distribution to local communities. The results revealed that five mangrove species are utilized as food resources, namely Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Nypa fruticans Wurmb, Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lamk., Acanthus ilicifolius L., and Sonneratia alba. These species are processed into various food products, including mangrove onde-onde, mangrove syrup, mangrove crackers, mangrove tea, and mangrove dodol. The processing methods involve traditional techniques such as soaking, boiling, filtering, pounding, drying, and packaging. Questionnaire results indicated that the local community possesses a very good level of knowledge and positive perceptions regarding the potential of mangroves as food resources and sources of economic income. Support from the government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) was considered beneficial, although challenges remain in terms of technology, marketing, and product legalization. This study recommends the provision of further training, policy support, and the promotion and sustainable development of mangrove-based products to enhance the welfare of coastal communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asnawar Asnawar, Samsurizal M. Suleman, Moh. Sabran, Musdalifah Nurdin, Vita Indri Febriani, Abd. Hakim Lenggeng
Anticancer Immunomodulatory Activity of Male Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.) Through PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway Modulation: An In Silico and In Vitro Study
Cancer immunotherapy targeting the programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway has shown remarkable clinical success; however, high costs and immune-related adverse effects remain major challenges. Natural products with immunomodulatory properties offer a promising alternative approach. Male papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) are traditionally used in herbal medicine, yet their potential role in immune checkpoint modulation remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer immunomodulatory activity of male papaya leaf extract through PD-1/PD-L1 pathway modulation using integrated in silico and in vitro approaches. Molecular docking analysis was performed to evaluate the interaction between major phytochemical compounds and PD-1/PD-L1 proteins. In vitro cytotoxic activity was assessed using the MTT assay on cancer cell lines, while immunomodulatory effects were evaluated by measuring interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels using ELISA. PD-L1 protein expression in treated cancer cells was analyzed by Western blotting. The docking results demonstrated strong binding affinities of flavonoid compounds, particularly quercetin, toward PD-L1, involving key residues at the active binding site. The extract exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic effects with moderate IC50 values. Treatment with male papaya leaf extract significantly increased IFN-gamma and IL-2 secretion in immune cells and markedly downregulated PD-L1 protein expression in cancer cells. In conclusion, male papaya leaf extract exhibits promising anticancer immunomodulatory activity by modulating the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway. These findings highlight the potential of male papaya leaves as a natural source of immune checkpoint modulators and support further investigation for their development as complementary agents in cancer immunotherapy.
Nest Associated Mites (Acari: Winterschmidtiidae) of Stingless Bee Tetragonula fuscobalteata in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Stingless bees are essential pollinators in tropical ecosystems and play an important role in sustaining biodiversity and agricultural productivity. In Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, Tetragonula fuscobalteata is widely cultivated in small-scale meliponiculture systems. However, information regarding mites associated with its nests remains limited. This study aimed to identify and describe nest-associated mites found in T. fuscobalteata colonies. The research was conducted in Dolago Village, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi. Nest samples were collected from five active colonies. Mites were observed under a stereo microscope, collected using a fine brush, and mounted on slides with polyvinyl alcohol. Identification was based on morphological characteristics using standard taxonomic keys, and morphometric measurements were obtained using Image Raster 3.0. All specimens were identified as deutonymphs of the genus Saproglyphus (Acari: Winterschmidtiidae). Mites were found in storage pots and cerumen structures but were absent from brood cells. The deutonymphs exhibited a well-developed sucker plate, reduced chelicerae, and fused coxae III, indicating phoretic adaptation. The mean body length was 192.72 ± 22.14 µm and width was 145.78 ± 12.62 µm. These findings provide baseline data on mite associations in T. fuscobalteata nests and contribute to understanding arthropod interactions in meliponiculture systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurly Maftukhah, I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, Masrianih Masrianih, Rafiqah Rafiqah, Fatmah Dhafir
Chemical Compound Profile of Infusion from Crescentia cujete Fruit Peel and Toxicity Test against Artemia sallina Leach
Cancer is one of the top causes of death around the world, thus we need to make safer and more selective anticancer drugs from natural sources. The objective of this work is to identify the chemical constituents and evaluate the toxicity of infusions derived from the fruit peel of Crescentia cujete L., a potential bioactive candidate. Samples were botanically identified, prepared as infusions using a water-heating method (1:10 w/v), then concentrated and analysed by phytochemical screening, LC–MS, and the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) on Artemia salina larvae at concentrations of 25–2000 ppm. Screening results showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins The LC-MS analysis showed 105 compounds, and the main alkaloid was marmeline (m/z 351.1834). The BSLT test resulted in an LC50 of 187.15 ppm, indicating moderate toxicity and potential for bioactivity or cytotoxicity. The correlation between alkaloid dominance and the LC50 value suggests that the C. cujete fruit peel infusion has potential for further development as a source of natural-based anticancer compound candidates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahma Diyan Martha, Maya Sri Ashira, Choirul Huda, Danar Danar
Evaluation of a Five-Ingredient Herbal Combination in Postpartum Hypertension and Maternal Recovery
Postpartum hypertension represents a persistent contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality across developing regions. This quasi-experimental pretest–posttest study evaluated the efficacy of a five-component polyherbal formulation consist of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum), garlic (Allium sativum), lemon (Citrus limon), apple-cider vinegar, and honey in improving hemodynamic stability and postpartum recovery. Sixty-two postpartum women at Prof. Dr. H. Aloei Saboe Hospital, Gorontalo, Indonesia, were equally stratified into hypertensive and normotensive subgroups. Participants ingested 5 mL of the standardized mixture twice daily for six weeks. Weekly monitoring assessed blood pressure, lactation adequacy, lochia characteristics, and uterine involution. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon signed-rank and chi-square tests confirmed significant reductions in mean systolic (153.55 ± 9.72 -> 120.32 ± 6.84 mmHg) and diastolic (98.39 ± 7.41 -> 79.68 ± 5.96 mmHg) pressures among hypertensive participants (p < 0.001). No significant variations occurred in lactation (p = 0.209) or uterine involution (p = 0.319), whereas lochia normalization exhibited positive association (p < 0.05). No adverse events were reported. The outcomes substantiate the formulation’s antihypertensive and restorative efficacy via antioxidative and vasodilatory mechanisms. Its safety, affordability, and cultural acceptability demonstrate translational potential as an adjunct in postpartum hypertension management. Further controlled, biomarker-based studies are warranted to validate long-term efficacy and mechanistic precision.
Copyright (c) 2026 Efri Leny Rauf, Fifi Ishak, Zuriati Muhamad, Rosmin Ilham
Effectiveness Testing of Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Rhizophora apiculata Extract, NPK, and Manure on the Growth of Water Spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir)
This study evaluates the effectiveness of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) based on Rhizophora apiculata mangrove extract compared to NPK and goat manure on the growth of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) in Lampung Province. The experiment was arranged using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Laboratory results showed that mangrove LOF contains significant macro-nutrients, specifically Potassium (2,551.83 mg/kg) and Magnesium (1,657.42 mg/kg), and is safe as heavy metals (Pb and Cd) were not detected. During observation, the LOF exhibited dynamic chemical properties with a pH decrease from 5,32 to 4,59 due to microbial decomposition. Analysis of variance indicated that fertilizer treatments had a highly significant effect on plant height (F(2,4) = 569,902). Tukey's HSD test confirmed that mangrove LOF produced the highest plants (23,1 cm), significantly outperforming NPK (20,2 cm) and goat manure (19,07 cm). Mangrove LOF produced superior visual quality with deep green leaves, attributed to Magnesium as the core of chlorophyll. Thus, R. apiculata-based LOF is an effective and sustainable alternative for vegetable production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Faiq Firjatul Falaz, I Gusti Putu Arya Darmayoga, Sabina Na’ma Aisa, Chelsy Aulia Zahra, Reinhart Yehezkiel William Hutabarat, Esti Harpeni
Density of Araceae in the Saluopa Waterfall Tourism Area, Wera Village, Poso Regency
Araceae is a group of herbaceous plants that grow on land (terrestrial), in water (aquatic), and by climbing on trees (epiphytic). Araceae plants are widely known by the community as ornamental plants commonly found in home gardens; however, they can also be found growing wild in forests. Tropical regions such as Indonesia provide highly suitable habitats for these plants. Approximately 90% of Araceae genera and 95% of their species occur in tropical areas. This study aimed to describe and determine the species density of plants belonging to the Araceae family in Saluopa Waterfall area, Wera Village, Poso Regency. This research employed a quantitative descriptive design using a survey method, with sampling conducted through the belt transect method. The population in this study consisted of all Araceae species found in the Saluopa Waterfall area, Wera Village. The sample included all Araceae individuals recorded along the observation transects. Documentation and specimen collection were carried out for each Araceae species to enable identification based on morphological characteristics, followed by density analysis. The results revealed 10 species belonging to the Araceae family, distributed across nine genera: Aglaonema, Colocasia, Dieffenbachia, Xanthosoma, Homalomena, Schismatoglottis, Rhaphidophora, Scindapsus, and Syngonium. The density values ranged from 0.02 to 0.24 individuals per meter, comprising ten species from nine different genera. The highest density species was Colocasia esculenta (0.24), followed by Homalomena rubescens (0.17) and Dieffenbachia seguine (0.13) while the lowest one was Schismatoglottis calyptrata (0.02).
Copyright (c) 2026 Gloria Indah, Samsurizal M Suleman, Aan Febriawan, Amalia Buntu, Lestari M.P Alibasyah, Hayyatun Mawaddah
Mitochondrial 16S rRNA Characterization of Heterotrigona itama Colonies from Central Lampung, Indonesia
Stingless bees play important ecological and economic roles in tropical ecosystems, yet molecular baseline data for many regions in Sumatra remain limited. This study aimed to characterize mitochondrial genetic variation of Heterotrigona itama colonies from Punggur Subdistrict, Central Lampung, Indonesia, using partial 16S rRNA sequences. Three managed colonies were analyzed through PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing, followed by sequence alignment, BLAST comparison, genetic distance estimation using the Kimura-2-Parameter model, and phylogenetic reconstruction. All samples produced consistent amplicons of approximately 500 bp and showed complete nucleotide identity, indicating a single mitochondrial haplotype among the analyzed colonies. BLAST results revealed high similarity (96.91–98.38%) with reference sequences of H. itama. Genetic distance analysis showed zero divergence among the sampled colonies and low divergence (0.0069–0.0182) relative to other H. itama sequences, while higher divergence was observed with related taxa. Phylogenetic analysis placed all samples within a well-supported H. itama clade. These findings indicate mitochondrial uniformity among the sampled colonies and provide a preliminary genetic baseline for H. itama in Central Lampung. However, broader conclusions on population structure require further studies with larger sample sizes and additional molecular markers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Priyambodo Priyambodo, Aditya Fahrezi, Elly Lestari Rustiati, Enny Saswiyanti, Eko Agus Srihanto, Aulia Imtitsal, Dian Neli Pratiwi, Nindy Permatasari
Effectiveness of Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata Linn.) Leaf Powder as an Active Ingredient in Antiseptic Liquid Soap
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Cassia alata Linn. (ketepeng Cina) leaf powder as an active ingredient in virgin coconut oil (VCO)-based antiseptic liquid soap. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed with three treatments consisting of 2 g, 4 g, and 6 g of leaf powder (b/v). The evaluated parameters included total flavonoid content, phytochemical screening, functional group analysis using FTIR, LC-MS, pH, specific gravity, viscosity, free alkali, foam stability, unsaponifiable fraction, and inhibition zones against Escherichia coli and Malassezia furfur. The results indicated that increasing concentrations of ketepeng leaf powder positively correlated with total flavonoid levels and significantly enhanced the inhibition zone against E. coli, but showed no notable activity against M. furfur. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids and steroids in the powder, while liquid soap formulations contained flavonoids and saponins. FTIR analysis further verified flavonoid compounds, whereas LC-MS identified lauric Acid (m/z 274) and quercetin (m/z 303), contributing to antimicrobial activity. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, alpha = 0.05) showed no significant effect of leaf powder addition on pH, free alkali, unsaponifiable fraction, viscosity, specific gravity, or foam stability. The formulated liquid soap complied with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 06-4085-1996) for pH and free alkali, ensuring safety for consumer use. Overall, ketepeng cina leaf powder demonstrated potential as a natural antimicrobial agent in herbal antiseptic liquid soap formulations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Encik Eko Rifkowaty, Adha Panca Wardanu, Kendri Wahyuni
Metabolomics-Based Profiling of Antioxidant Compounds in Kesum (Polygonum minus) via UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS as Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Candidates: An In Silico Approach
Kesum or Polygonum minus (P. minus) is well-known for its high antioxidant content and potential as a therapeutic agent. This study aimed to identify active compounds in P. minus leaf extracts that serve as antioxidants and SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor candidates using metabolomics approach. P. minus leaves were extracted with ethanol and subsequently fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant activity as measured by the DPPH method. Further analysis using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS identified several compounds, including 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin-3betha-D-glucoside, tectoridin, apigenin, hispidulin, and (±)-usnic acid. These compounds were subsequently evaluated in silico by molecular docking against the 1OG5 and 7CMD target proteins. The results demonstrated strong interactions between these compounds and the protein active sites, supporting their potential as both antioxidants and inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. This study suggests that P. minus is a promising source of bioactive compounds for development in herbal-based therapies in West Kalimantan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iche Azani, Dini Hadiarti, Arni, Nur Aulia Fitri
Fermentation Characteristics and Bioactive Properties of Kombucha Senna alexandrina Mill. Leaves
Kombucha is a fermented beverage produced by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) and is widely recognized for its functional properties. This study investigated the fermentation characteristics, bioactive properties, antibacterial activity, ethanol content, and sensory attributes of kombucha produced from senna leaves (Senna alexandrina Mill.) during different fermentation periods (0, 4, 8, and 12 days). Physicochemical parameters including pH, optical density, SCOBY biomass, reducing sugar, and total titratable acidity were monitored, while bioactive properties were evaluated through total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (IC50). Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, ethanol content, and sensory characteristics were also analyzed. The results showed that fermentation significantly decreased pH while increasing total titratable acidity, optical density, and SCOBY biomass, indicating active microbial metabolism. Total phenolic content increased during fermentation from 96.80 to 119.56 µg GAE/mL, accompanied by a substantial improvement in antioxidant activity as indicated by decreasing IC50 values. Antibacterial activity against E. coli was absent in the unfermented sample but emerged after fermentation. Ethanol concentration increased gradually but remained very low (0.0141% at day 12), well below regulatory limits for non-alcoholic and halal beverages. Sensory evaluation showed that fermentation time influenced taste and aroma, while color remained relatively stable. Overall, the findings demonstrate that senna leaves can serve as a suitable herbal substrate for kombucha fermentation and contribute to the development of functional fermented beverages with enhanced bioactive properties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oktira Roka Aji, Diah Asta Putri, Alya Firli Refanza Putri, Nabela Dwi Wahyu Nurvi Fibriyanti, Siti Nurhasanah
Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Flour Supplementation on Magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K) Contents of Crackers as a Nutritious Snack
Moringa oleifera leaf flour is recognized as a local food ingredient rich in essential minerals, particularly magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), which play important roles in various physiological functions of the human body. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf flour supplementation on the magnesium and potassium contents of crackers. The research employed an experimental approach using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% Moringa oleifera leaf flour supplementation, with two replications for each treatment. Magnesium and potassium contents were quantitatively determined using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The data were analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that increasing concentrations of Moringa oleifera leaf flour tended to increase the magnesium and potassium contents of the crackers, with magnesium levels ranging from 0.06 to 0.09 mg/g and potassium levels ranging from 0.79 to 1.93 mg/g. However, statistical analysis revealed that the addition of Moringa oleifera leaf flour did not significantly affect magnesium content (p = 0.377), whereas it had a significant effect on potassium content (p = 0.001). These findings indicate that magnesium and potassium responded differently to the fortification process. Therefore, Moringa oleifera leaf flour demonstrates considerable potential as a fortification ingredient, particularly for enhancing potassium content in crackers as a nutritious snack alternative.
Copyright (c) 2026 Desi Desi, Abd. Hakim Laenggeng, Masrianih Masrianih, Musdalifah Nurdin, Raya Agni, I Nengah Kundera
The Potential of Food Waste-Derived Organic Fertilizer Produced Using Biopore Technology on the Growth of Spinach (Amaranthus hybridus)
Food-wasting behavior contributes significantly to the increasing volume of household organic waste, which has the potential to pollute the environment if not managed properly. This study aimed to describe the potential of food waste processed using the biopore technique as an organic fertilizer for the growth of spinach (Amaranthus hybridus) and to determine the optimal application concentration that promotes the best plant growth. This study employed an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Five concentrations of biopore organic fertilizer were tested with four replications: P0 (control/no fertilizer), P1 (25 g), P2 (50 g), P3 (100 g), and P4 (150 g). The observed parameters included plant height (cm), number of leaves, and leaf area (cm2), which were measured periodically for four weeks after planting (WAP). The collected data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the application of biopore organic fertilizer derived from food waste had a significant effect on all growth parameters evaluated. Based on the post hoc analysis, treatment P4 (150 g/L concentration, equivalent to 15%) consistently produced the best growth performance. At the end of the observation period (4 WAP), P4 resulted in an average plant height of 13.23 cm, an average of 8 leaves per plant, and a leaf area of 6.10 cm2. These values were significantly higher than those of the control group (P0) and the other lower-concentration treatments. In conclusion, food waste decomposed through biopore holes has considerable potential to be utilized as an agronomically valuable organic fertilizer. A concentration of 15% (P4) is recommended as the most effective formulation for sustainably promoting the growth of Amaranthus hybridus L. plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aulia Putri Ramadhani, I Nengah Kundera, Manap Trianto, Lilies Tangge, Yulia Windarsih, Amalia Buntu
A Study of the NGF Gene Intron in the Philippine Scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii) from Kabetan Island, Central Sulawesi
The Philippine scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii) is a bird species that utilizes environmental heat to incubate its eggs and has a wide geographic distribution across various habitats, including coastal forests, coastal areas, and small islands. This study aimed to describe and analyze the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Megapodius cumingii based on the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) gene. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of M. cumingii using the gSYNC™ DNA Extraction Kit (Geneaid) protocol and subsequently amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method with the forward primer AllNGF5' and reverse primer AllNGF3'. Sequence data were analyzed using BLAST to determine their similarity to reference sequences available in GenBank. Genetic diversity was assessed using DnaSP v6.12.03, while phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using MEGA 11 based on the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method with the Kimura 2-Parameter model. The results showed that the nucleotide composition consisted of Adenine (A) 29.3%, Thymine (T) 19.8%, Cytosine (C) 26.9%, and Guanine (G) 24.1%, with a G+C content (51.0%) slightly higher than the A+T content (49.0%). Genetic diversity analysis revealed a haplotype diversity value of 0.533 ± 0.172 and a nucleotide diversity value of 0.00145 ± 0.00047. Phylogenetic reconstruction produced a consistent tree topology across two outgroup models, with all M. cumingii samples forming a single clade supported by high bootstrap values (99–100%). The phylogenetic relationships among M. cumingii samples from Kabetan Island, Tolitoli, were very close, as indicated by genetic distance values ranging from 0.000 to 0.003.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wayan Windyawati, I Made Budiarsa, Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti, Manap Trianto, Abdul Ashari, I Nengah Kundera
Distribution and Abundance of Actinomycetes in the Rhizosphere Soil of The Hungayono Karst Ecosystem, Gorontalo
Karst ecosystems have unique environmental conditions that can influence the presence of soil microorganisms, including Actinomycetes in the rhizosphere. This study aimed to determine the distribution and abundance of Actinomycetes in the rhizosphere soil of plants in the Hungayono karst ecosystem, Gorontalo. This study employed a quantitative descriptive method with an exploratory approach. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from several plant species at three observation points: the lower, middle, and upper parts of the karst area. Actinomycetes were isolated using Starch Casein Agar, while their abundance was determined using the Total Plate Count method and expressed in CFU/g of soil. The results showed that actinomycetes were found at all observation points, with abundances ranging from 2 × 103 to 3 × 105 CFU/g. The highest abundances were found in the rhizosphere of Calamus spp., Anthocephalus macrophyllus, and Ficus microcarpa, while the lowest abundances were found in the rhizosphere of Alocasia macrorrhizos. The Actinomycetes isolates obtained exhibited morphological variation based on mycelium color and colony shape. These findings indicate that the distribution and abundance of Actinomycetes in the rhizosphere soil of the Hungayono karst ecosystem vary among plant species and observation sites. The plant rhizosphere in this karst ecosystem functions as a microhabitat that supports the presence of Actinomycetes and is relevant to studies of karst soil microbiology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Apriliyanti Mohulaingo, Yuliana Retnowati, Abubakar Sidik Katili, Ani M. Hasan, Novri Youla Kandowangko
Biological Determinants of Memory Performance In Qur’an Memorizers: Evidence from Cathecol-O-Methyl-Transferase (COMT) Gene Expression And Protein Levels
Memory performance during adolescence is a key aspect of cognitive development and is strongly influenced by dopaminergic regulation in the prefrontal cortex. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) plays a critical role in modulating dopamine availability and cognitive function. This study examined the relationships between age, COMT gene expression, COMT protein levels, and memory performance among adolescents engaged in structured memorization activities. A quantitative cross-sectional design was applied involving male adolescent participants. Memory performance was assessed using a standardized psychometric test, while COMT gene expression and protein levels were measured using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and correlation tests. The results demonstrated a significant negative association between age and memory performance within the adolescent range. In contrast, COMT gene expression and protein levels showed strong positive correlations with memory performance, indicating that higher molecular regulation of dopamine was associated with superior cognitive outcomes. Memorization duration and quantity were not significantly related to memory performance. These findings support dopamine-based models of cognitive regulation and highlight the importance of molecular biomarkers in understanding adolescent memory development. The study contributes to developmental cognitive research by emphasizing biologically informed approaches and provides a foundation for future longitudinal investigations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rosdianah Rahim, Suryani As’ad, Veni Hadju, Saidah Syamsuddin, Muhammad. Hatta, Nadyah Haruna, Syatirah Jalaluddin, Yessy Kurniati
Enhancing Galactomannan Recovery from Coconut Meat: Impact of Autoclaving Pretreatment in a High-Shear Compartment Reactor System
Galactomannan in coconut meat is tightly bound within its fiber matrix, limiting extraction efficiency. Autoclave pretreatment, combining heat, pressure, and moisture, can loosen this structure and improve galactomannan release. This study examined the effects of autoclaving temperature (100°C–130°C) and water addition (0–45%) on the physical and chemical properties of grated coconut prior to extraction. This study examined the effect of autoclaving temperature on the physicochemical properties and extraction yield of galactomannan. Four pretreatment temperatures were evaluated: 100, 110, 120, and 130 °C. The 100°C treatment produced the highest yield (8.45%), swelling power (8.67%), color values (L* = 53.44, a* = 5.48, b* = 9.09), and reducing sugar content (18.03%). Statistical analysis confirmed that autoclaving temperature significantly influenced extraction yield. Overall, 100°C was identified as the optimal pretreatment condition for enhancing galactomannan extraction from coconut meat.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arief Rakhman Affandi, Sinta Dewi, Iffah Muflihati, Rini Umiyati
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as Prehabilitation for Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Pilot Within-Patient Case Series
Quadriceps muscle strength loss after total knee arthroplasty remains a major barrier that impairs functional recovery. Pre-operative rehabilitation has been proposed to enhance this problem, yet existing evidence is inconsistent. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation may offer a feasible option for patients limited by pre-operative pain. This pilot study explored the feasibility and observed recovery trends of a structured NMES-based prehabilitation program before the second TKA in staged bilateral cases. Seven female patients undergoing staged bilateral TKA participated in this prospective within-patient comparative case series. Each patient served as their own control. The first TKA received standard post-operative rehabilitation only, while the in-contralateral knee received a 10-week NMES prehabilitation program before the second TKA. Outcomes included pain intensity (VAS), knee range of motion (ROM), quadriceps muscle strength (MMT), and functional performance (TUG, 6 MWT) were tracked descriptively at baseline, 3,6,12 weeks and 12 months post-operative. Given the pilot nature, data are presented descriptively with individual trajectories. Results showed that from 12 months on prehabilitation knee demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements over postoperative rehabilitation, showed lower pain score, greater knee flexion ROM (112.14 vs 109.29), and quadriceps strength was higher (MMT 4.57 vs 3.57). Six of seven participants showed consistent within-trajectories favoring prehabilitation. The protocol was well-tolerated without adverse events. In this small exploratory pilot case series study, NMES-based prehabilitation before the second TKA was feasible and was associated with a more favorable recovery pattern within the same patients at 12 months. While causal conclusions cannot be made, the within-patient design helps limit inter-individual variability and support further research in larger controlled trials of prehabilitation in TKA recovery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nita Damayanti, Whida Rahmawati, Rina Puspasari Suryana, Jeremmy Sebastian
Cultivation of an edible mushroom species, Pleurotus sajor – caju (Fr.) Singer (1951) (Pleurotaceae) (strain 221114) on various lignocellulosic substrates.
The current food crisis and the continuing deterioration in the health of the populations of the DRC in general, and those of the province of Kongo Central in particular, are among the causes of severe pressure on natural environments, especially forests. In the long term, these risks creating scarcity or the disappearance of certain resources, including mushrooms. The main aim of this study is to contribute to the promotion of NTFPs in the fight against hunger and food insecurity through the cultivation of strain 221114 of the species Pleurotus sajor-caju, making sporophores available on a regular basis. To achieve this objective, we set ourselves the specific goals of determining the mycelial growth rate and comparing the yields obtained from strain 221114 of the species Pleurotus sajor-caju on fruiting substrates. The strain used in the culture was isolated in the Ngeba area, as shown in Figure 1 below, in the province of Central Kongo. The preparation of seedling media and the production of seedling whites, the preparation of final substrates, the addition of nutrients, incubation, fruit induction, and obtaining and harvesting sporophores were carried out at the Systematic Mycology and Myciculture Laboratory of the Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kinshasa, in room B28 and the department's experimental garden. The fungal material used was strain 221114 of Pleurotus sajor – caju. The plant material for the substrate consisted of rice straw, banana leaves, wood chips, sugarcane bagasse, and sawdust. Wheat bran and slaked lime were used as additives. The isolation method from tissue or tissue culture (known as monoculture) was used to start the culture. The best average sporophore yields were 35.01 ± 3.7% on rice straw, 28.67 ± 4% on wood chips, and 23.3 ± 2.4% on sugarcane bagasse, yields well above the theoretical yield of 20% at which a substrate is considered best and suitable for sporophore production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roger Batubenga, Félicien Lukoki, Esther Mwambay, Daddy Kanika, Alain Tshisuaka, Jeff Iteku, Jean Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, Simon Dibaluka
A Novel Thickening Agent Made from a Mixture of Cassava and Corn Flour for the Production of Edible Mushroom Growing Media
According to the FAO, sub-Saharan Africa population’s diet has a real deficit in animal protein for several reasons, including low animal production, rapid population growth, economic factors, etc. To compensate for this deficiency, the population turn to consuming mushrooms harvested seasonally, which are unfortunately becoming scarce due to deforestation. This has led to a shift towards mushroom cultivation, which necessarily requires the use of agar as a reference solidifying agent for the culture medium. However, agar is an imported product that is not accessible to all social classes. Hence, the aim of this research was to compare agar with three other solidifying agents: A1, A2, and A3, composed respectively of 1:1; 1:2, and 2:1 (cassava flour:corn flour, pretreated in an oven at 157.5 ±3.54 °C). When preparing the culture media with these three solidifiers, the best gel was obtained from solidifying agent A3, with which the fungal species Pleurotus oestratus was inoculated. On the third day, the mycelia had invaded all nine tubes of the agar medium, almost reaching the mother culture at the same time (three days) as the reference medium prepared with agar as the solidifying agent (PDA). To ensure the viability of our culture medium prepared with A3, the seed stock and seed led to the production of sporophores, proving that solidifying agent A3 can effectively replace agar, especially in developing countries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfred Apaab Kiame, Timothée Mananga Nkodi, Jean Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, Alain Nkongolo Tshisuaka, Nicolas Kalulu Taba, Joseph Kasali Lumande, Simon Mpulusu Dibaluka
Abundance of Bivalves in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Pinotu Village, Toribulu District, Parigi Moutong Regency
Bivalves are one of the molluscan groups that play an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of mangrove ecosystems. Their presence and abundance are influenced by environmental conditions, making them useful indicators of habitat quality. This study aimed to determine the abundance of bivalves in the mangrove ecosystem of Pinotu Village, Toribulu District, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed in this study. The research sites were selected using a purposive sampling technique based on the presence of suitable bivalve habitats. Sampling was conducted using the belt transect method at two observation stations, each covering an area of 500 m². Field sampling was carried out during low tide on 17–18 December 2025. Collected bivalve specimens were identified using taxonomic identification keys. In addition, environmental parameters, including water temperature, salinity, and pH, were measured. The collected data were analyzed using the species abundance index (R) and the Relative Abundance Index (RAI). The results revealed the presence of four bivalve species belonging to two orders and two families, namely Polymesoda erosa (39 individuals), Polymesoda expansa (19 individuals), Polymesoda bengalensis (38 individuals), and Anadara granosa (9 individuals), with a total of 105 individuals recorded. The species abundance index (R) value of 0.64 indicated a low level of bivalve abundance. The highest Relative Abundance Index values were observed for Polymesoda erosa (37.14%) and Polymesoda bengalensis (36.19%), both classified as highly abundant. In contrast, Anadara granosa exhibited the lowest relative abundance value (8.57%) and was categorized as having low abundance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muslika Nifatun Umaya, Fatmah Dhafir, Abd. Rauf, Syech Zainal, Rafiqa, Sutrisnawati, Manap Trianto
Starch Composition and Glycemic Load of Teo Tuber Flour (Tacca leontopetaloides) Using a Male Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Animal Model
Teo tuber flour (Tacca leontopetaloides) is a local carbohydrate source with potential to be developed as a functional food. However, information about its starch composition and glycemic load is still limited, even though these two parameters are important in determining blood glucose response after consumption as well as the carbohydrate quality of a food. This study aims to determine the amylose and amylopectin content of teo tuber flour and evaluate its glycemic load using male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study used a descriptive method with a quantitative approach and a laboratory experimental design. Analysis of amylose and amylopectin content was done using spectrophotometry with the DNS method and an amylose standard curve. Glycemic load was determined by measuring the rats’ blood glucose response after giving them teo tuber flour porridge and pure glucose, then calculated using the Incremental Area Under the Curve (iAUC) method. Research results show that teo yam flour contains 15.727% amylose and 64.389% amylopectin, meaning its starch composition is dominated by amylopectin. Rats fed with teo yam flour porridge showed lower and more stable blood glucose responses compared to rats given pure glucose. The glycemic load value of teo yam flour is 17, which falls into the medium category. These findings suggest that teo yam flour has the potential to be developed as a functional food that can help maintain stable blood glucose levels. Further research is needed to explore starch modification techniques that can reduce glycemic response and enhance its health benefits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vrilianika, Margaretha Solang, Muhammad Isra, Djuna Lamondo, Zuliyanto Zakaria
Modulatory Effects of Plant-Derived Stem Cell on Olanzapine-Induced Testicular Dysfunction in Male Wistar Rats
Olanzapine-induced testicular dysfunction contributes to male infertility by disrupting steroidogenesis, energy metabolism, and oxidative balance. Plant-derived stem cells (PDSC), with antioxidant and regenerative properties, may offer protection against such drug-induced reproductive toxicity. To evaluate the modulatory effects of PDSC on testicular reproductive parameters in olanzapine-induced spermatotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Fifty adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10) and treated orally for 28 days. Group I received distilled water, Group II OLZ (10 mg/kg), and Groups III–V OLZ plus PDSC (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg). Sperm parameters, reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, testosterone), oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA damage marker (8-OHdG), testicular biochemical indices, and steroidogenic enzyme activities were evaluated. OLZ significantly reduced testosterone, testicular glycogen and cholesterol, normal sperm morphology, and 17betha-HSD activity, while increasing FSH, LH, MDA, and sperm motility. PDSC produced dose-dependent improvements, increasing testosterone, glycogen levels, and 17betha-HSD activity while reducing gonadotropins, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, particularly at 200 mg/kg. However, PDSC did not restore testicular cholesterol or zinc levels and was associated with reduced 3betha-HSD activity. PDSC mitigates olanzapine-induced reproductive toxicity through antioxidant, DNA-protective, and steroidogenic mechanisms, highlighting its potential for managing male reproductive dysfunction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ifedolapo A. Adejumo, Oluwakemi T. Oyelowo, Austen U. Amaefule, Nafisah O. Ibrahim, Mofiyinfoluwa A. Sanni Adeniyi, Ibrahim A. Oreagba, Esther O. Agbaje
Specific richness of bats in urban and peri-urban environments of Kisangani, Tshopo Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo
This study focuses on bat diversity in the urban and peri-urban areas of Kisangani. It is situated within a context marked by increasing urbanization, habitat fragmentation, and heightened human pressure on forest ecosystems. The main objective was to determine species diversity and bat composition by site and habitat type, as well as to analyze their ecological preferences. Sampling was conducted at eight sites (Bawi, Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Kisangani, Imani, Maleke, Masako, Scholasticat, Yelenge, and the Kisangani Zoological Garden) covering five habitat types: cultivated fields (CC), primary forest (FP), young fallow (JJ), old fallow (JV), and human-modified environment (MA). Two capture techniques were used: mist nets and harp traps, set for 10 nights per site. The results show that 15 species across 5 families were recorded, with dominance by Pteropodidae (fruit bats), notably Epomops franqueti (39.89%), Myonycteris torquata (25%), and Megaloglossus woermanni (21.81%). Diversity is generally higher in peri-urban environments and young fallow (FF) habitats, while highly anthropized environments exhibit lower diversity and a different species composition. Jaccard similarity analysis and dendrogram analysis revealed a clear structuring of communities according to the degree of habitat disturbance. Peri-urban sites more closely resemble primary forests, while urban sites mainly harbor opportunistic and disturbance-tolerant species. The study also highlights the importance of forest fragments and urban green spaces as biodiversity refuges and underscores the need for tailored conservation strategies to preserve bat populations in Kisangani.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moïse Akawa Bipoo, Prescott Akawa Musaba, Francine Botelanyele Kirongozi, Joel Amisa Kango, Madeleine Bikengaga Alimasi, Casimir Mololo Nebesse, Guy Crispin Tungaluna Gembu, Jean Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua
Avian Diversity of the Masako Forest Reserve after Anthropization (Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Anthropization is one of the main drivers of forest ecosystem degradation and strongly affects biodiversity. This study analyzes the comparative diversity of the avifauna in the Masako Forest Reserve (RFM) before and after anthropogenic disturbances. Data were collected between February and July 2024 using mist nets and observation points across different habitat types, including young and old fallows, croplands, and forest fragments. The results show a marked decline in avifauna, with a local loss of approximately 77% of the species initially recorded. Specialized forest species are the most affected, while the persistent species are mostly generalists, tolerant to disturbed environments. Recolonization remains very low. The disappearance of species with concerning conservation status, such as Psittacus erithacus, highlights a real risk of local extinction and underscores the negative impact of human activities on the ecological integrity of the RFM, calling for strengthened conservation measures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elie Pelove Bugentho, Glodi Lotana Lotana, Bienvenu Ligili Kapita, Jean Saidi Bilama, Jean Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, Sylvestre Mbalitini Gambalemoke, Dieudonné Agenong’a Upoki
Physicochemical Kinetic Evaluation and Biological Activities of Wild Horsetail Extract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the physicochemical, kinetic and bioactive characteristics of the alcoholic extract of Wild Horsetail. The total amount of phenolic and flavonoid was calculated and the antioxidant capacity was evaluated with the help of DPPH and ABTS tests. Potential for antidiabetic ability was also studied through the inhibition of alpha-amylase as well as alpha-glucosidase. In addition, the kinetics of trapping DPPH free radicals were studied. The chemical analysis revealed the presence of a variety of bioactive compounds, the major one being scoparone (26.45%) followed by phytol (7.43%) and methyleugenol (6.52%). Also, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents exhibited high amounts, specifically, 186.43 ± 4.18 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 97.87 ± 2.66 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The extract displayed antioxidant capacity with IC50 of 71.37 ± 2.16 and 58.42 ± 1.87 µg/ml in DPPH and ABTS test respectively. It also showed significant inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes with IC50 values of 92.78 ± 2.34 and 68.54 ± 1.92 µg/ml respectively. Based on the kinetic study, it was found that the DPPH free radical scavenging activity was described by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. As a confirmation of the wild horsetail's phenolic and flavonoid content, ethanolic extract has a high concentration. These compounds have antioxidant ability and modulating effect on enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism which can be incorporated into natural formulations. Such preparations can be used in pharmaceuticals and as dietetic supplements to prevent oxidative stress and assist in the treatment of diabetes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baydaa Awad Kadhim, Fouad Razzaq Al-Burki, Assel Majeed Hammeed
Chemical Study and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Kombucha Variation Gel with Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Extract and Ashoka Flower (Ixora coccinea L.) Extract
Kombucha is a fermented drink made from tea, sugar, yeast, and acetic acid bacteria known as SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast). Ashoka flowers (Ixora coccinea L.) are tropical ornamental plants rich in polyphenols that have antioxidant activity. Strawberries (Fragaria vesca) contain flavonoids that can inhibit bacterial growth by disrupting DNA processes, damaging cell membranes, and denaturing proteins in bacteria. This research was making gel preparations that actively inhibit bacterial growth. Examples of pathogenic bacteria include S. aureus and S. epidermidis which generally attack the skin, and its antioxidant activity. The research was making kombucha tea with a combination of strawberries and Ashoka flowers, making gel preparations, testing activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and Methilen Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria, and testing antioxidant activity using the FRAP method. Gel with Fermented Tea (Kombucha) Combination of Strawberries and Ashoka Flowers has antibacterial activity against S. aureus bacteria in the strong category in Formula F3 (MIC 10.9 mm), against S. epidermidis bacteria in the moderate category in Formula F3 (MIC 9.06 mm), and against MRSA bacteria in the moderate category in Formula F3 (MIC 9.51 mm). Formulation F3 has antioxidant activity in the very strong category (47.32 mgAAE/g). Kombucha contains Phenol and Acid content that can damage bacterial cell walls. The addition of Strawberries and Ashoka flowers containing phenolic and flavonoid compounds increases the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the gel.
Copyright (c) 2026 Goldha Faroliu, Kony Putriani, Yessi Rahayu, Nanda Rahma Tri Cahyaningrum, Mardiatul Jannah
Analysis of Vitamin C Content in Ruku-Ruku (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) Leaves
Ruku-ruku (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) is widely recognized as a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine. The leaves are the most commonly utilized part of the plant, particularly for treating various health conditions such as fever, cough, joint and nerve pain, oral ulcers, tinea versicolor, nausea, and vomiting. Ruku-ruku leaves contain various essential nutrients, including calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, and vitamin C. This study aimed to determine the vitamin C content of ruku-ruku leaves. The research employed a quantitative descriptive method using the iodimetric titration technique. The samples consisted of young, mature, and old leaves collected from Tulo Village, Sigi Regency, Indonesia. Vitamin C content was measured with three replications for each sample. The results showed that the highest vitamin C content was found in young leaves, with an average value of 70.89 mg/100 g, followed by mature leaves at 54.18 mg/100 g and old leaves at 33.80 mg/100 g. Differences in vitamin C content were influenced by the level of leaf maturity, with younger leaves containing higher concentrations of vitamin C than older leaves.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salbia Salbia, Fatmah Dhafir, Abdul Ashari, Musdalifah Nurdin, Amalia Buntu, Manap Trianto
Phanerogamae Species in The Post-Liquefaction Area of Balaroa Subdistrict, Palu City
Phanerogamae are classified as plants with the highest level of phylogenetic development because they produce seeds. Ontogenetically, seeds function as the generative reproductive structures of these plants, as their formation is preceded by sexual reproduction. This study aimed to identify and describe the morphological characteristics of Phanerogamae plants in the post-liquefaction area of Balaroa Subdistrict, Palu City. The research was motivated by the limited scientific information regarding plant species capable of growing and adapting to post-liquefaction environments. A descriptive-exploratory method was employed through direct field observations and morphological identification based on root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed characteristics. The results revealed the presence of 22 Phanerogamae species belonging to two classes and twelve orders, exhibiting diverse morphological characteristics and varying patterns of vegetation distribution. Several species were found to dominate specific areas according to habitat conditions, such as waterlogged zones and open lands formed after the disaster. The study concludes that the post-liquefaction area of Balaroa Subdistrict continues to support the growth of various Phanerogamae species that possess the capacity to adapt to environmental changes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gina Rizkyta Aulia, Astija Astija, Hayyatun Mawaddah, Lestari M.P. Alibasyah, Aan Febriawan, Musdalifah Nurdin
Antiviral Activity of Crataegus azarolus Extract Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Background: due to the spread of infections caused by the herpes simplex virus and the occurrence of antiviral resistance, many studies are conducted to obtain alternative treatments with better performance and fewer side effects. This research was carried out to measure the phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts obtained from Crataegus azarolus (C. azarolus) leaves and flowers and to investigate the antiviral effect of this plant on herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. Methods: In this study, the phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts received from hawthorn leaves and flowers was measured using a Cary 300 UV-Vis spectrometer. The MTT technique was used to examine the toxicity of C. azarolus extract in Vero cells. The effect of the extract against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was then tested at various concentrations. Results: Compared to the flower extract, C. azarolus leaf extract has a much higher total phenolic and flavonoid content. The fifty percent cytotoxic for C. azarolus leaf and flower extracts was 1203 and 870 g/ml, respectively. Flower and leaf extracts were revealed to have antiviral activities of 9.50 and 10.41, respectively. Conclusion: The active components in hawthorn leaf extract help minimize the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhang Ming, Chen Yu, Liu Fang