Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
type: channel
description: Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry is an open access, peer-reviewed journal, published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry is published twice a year, in April and October. Starting from Volume 10 Number 1 2021, all manuscripts will be published online as soon as the revision is approved (no time constraints). This journal is published by the Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. Scientific feedback (short communication) is only received for manuscript, which criticize published article before. Manuscripts will be reviewed by managing editor and invited peer review according to their disciplines. The only articles written in English (U.S. English) are accepted for publication. Communications can be addressed to the Support Contact for accelerating evaluation. A letter of statement expressing that the author(s) is responsible for the original content of manuscript, the result for author(s)'s research and never been published must be attached.
publisher: Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity
language: en-US
publication name: Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
issn: 2089-6514
copyright: Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
items: Evaluation of Selected Pharmacological Properties of a Polyherbal Extract (Aju Mbaise) in Experimental Rats
items: Physicochemical Characterization and Dissolution Enhancement of Mefenamic Acid–Isonicotinamide Crystalline Solid Dispersion
items: Cytogenotoxicity Test and Biological Evaluation of Curculigo latifolia Extract with Bioindicators Allium cepa L. var. aggregate
items: The Acoustic Material Constructed by the Fiber of Eichhornia crassipes and Banana Peel as a Sound Pollutant-reducing Solution
items: Macroscopic, Microscopic, and Phytochemical Screening Analysis of Medicinal Plants in Nagari Lasi, West Sumatra
items: Antimicrobial Properties of Endophytic Fungal Culture Filtrates from Tinospora crispa
items: In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Properties of Lime Mistletoe (Dendrophthoe petandra (L.) Miq.) Extract Against Escherichia coli
items: Identification of Gamma-Aminobutyricacid (GABA) of Tempeh Made from Koro Kratok (Phaseolus lunatus) Bean and Beluntas (Plunchea indica) Leaves as Glucose Stabilizer
items: Proximate Analysis and Chemical Constituents of Psychotria latistipula Benth. (Rubiaceae) Leaves
items: Stability Test and Antioxidant Activity Test of Sheet Mask Preparation of Avocado Peel (Persea americana Mill) Ethanol Extract with DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Pikrilhydrazil) method
items: Molecular Method Optimization to Identify Plasmodium falciparum Multidrug Resistance 1 (pfmdr1) gene as a Predictor of Antimalarial Resistance
items: Effect of Modified Kimpul Flour Substitution and Glycerol Monostearate Concentration on The Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Sweet Bread
items: Identification of Total Coliform Bacteria in Processed Enbal Food in Several Traditional Markets in Ambon City
items: Washed Erythrocyte (WE) Bag Bacteria Brevundimonas vesicularis Identification at the Blood Donor Unit PMI DKI Jakarta
items: Formulation and Evaluation of Spirulina-Based Gel with Varying Carbopol Concentrations for Anti-Acne Activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis
items: Antimalaria Potential and Toxicological Evaluation of Synclisia scabrida (Miers) Ex Oliv Methanol Root Extract in Plasmodium berghei-infected Mice Model
items: Investigating Genetic Vulnerability to Environmental Exposures and Associated Lung Diseases: A Bioinformatics Study
items: Sensitive and Selective Chromatographic Method to Determine Vanadium in Commercial Phosphoric Acid
items: The Antivirulence Mechanisms of Phytate Against Pathogenic Bacteria in Skin Infections
items: Nigella Sativa Oil Protects Against Aluminium Chloride-Induced Cognitive Impairment Via Modulation of Cholinergic Activity, Brain Neurotransmitter, and Oxidative Stress
items: Extracellular Metabolites of Clove-Endophytic Bacteria, Niallia nealsonii DCL1, Exhibit Potential Cellular Antioxidant and Antiaging Activities
items: Detection of Escherichia coli Contamination Using Most Probable Number (MPN) Methods of Jamu Pahitan in Singaparna District, Tasikmalaya
items: Anatomical Structure of Young Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Leaves for Callogenesis Initiation
items: The Effect of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) Flower Extract on Creatinine Levels and Kidney Histophatology in Alloxan-Induced White Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
items: Antioxidant Activity Test of Bride's Tears (Antigonon leptopus) Leaves Using the DPPH Method
items: Optimization of Genomic DNA Extraction Method on Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)
items: Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Water Extracts of Selected Plant Species from Tuzla Region (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
items: Isolation and Identification of Dermatophytes from Toenails and Interdigital Spaces of Students Using Czapek Yeast Extract Agar
items: Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Infection Prevention and Control Among Health Staff at Seiyun General Hospital Authority
items: The Potential of Lime Juice in Reducing Fe Levels and Improving the Quality of Clove Leaf Oil Using Complexometry and Testing Its Antioxidant Activity Using DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil)
items: Predicting the Anti-Pulmonary Fibrosis Potential of Physalis angulata Compounds A Computational Study
items: Isolation, Morphological Characterization, Biochemistry, and Antagonistic Activity of Endophytic Bacteria from Rice Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae
items: Analysis of Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Yogurt Enriched with Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) Extract
items: DFT Study and ADMET Investigation of Bioactive 2-Phenoxyquinolines
items: Optimization of Date Palm Extract (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Based Collagen Powder Beverage Formula with Spices (Tamarind and Cinnamon) Addition Using D-Optimal Mixture Design Method
items: Optimization of Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Shoot Cutting Growth Using Plastic Bottle Covers and Goat Urine Treatments
items: Effect of Ciprofloxacin Administration on Gastric Histopathological Changes in Mice
items: Protective Effects of L-Carnitine on Growth and Cardiac Function in High-Glucose-Exposed Zebrafish Embryos
items: Prospects of Dwarf Coconut (Cocos nucifera L. var. genjah) as a Cultivar for Coconut Sugar Production in East Lampung
items: Isolation, Identification, and Evaluation of Antimicrobial of the LAB from Bekasam: The Traditional Fermented Fish in Indonesia
items: Synthesis, Characterization, and Micellar Behavior of Amphiphilic Chitosan Bearing Sulfate and Anisaldehyde Imine Groups
items: Formulation Of Instant Functional Collagen Drink With Date Seeds Coffee (Phoenix dactylifera) And Spices (Ginger, Cinnamon, Cardamom, Clove) Using The D-Optimal Mixture Design Method
items: siRNAs targeting icaD Gene of Staphylococcus aureus to Inhibit Biofilm Formation: Structural Analysis and Efficacy
items: Application of Alginate-Based Edible Coating with Beeswax Addition on Minimally Processed Pears (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)
items: The Influence of Strain Type and Female Age on the Receptivity of Female Drosophila melanogaster in Homogamous Crosses
items: Antibacterial Activity of Bacteriocin from Pediococcus pentosaceus Against Propionibacterium acnes: Molecular Docking, In Vitro, and 16S rRNA Genetic Identification
items: Evaluation of Forest Honey on the Proliferation and Migration of Dermal Fibroblasts under Hyperglycemic Conditions: An In Vitro Study
items: The Relationship Between Total IgE, Symptom Duration, VAS Scores, and Danyoung Classification in Allergic Rhinitis
items: Effect of PEG and CMC on Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Extract Against Aedes aegypti Larvae
items: Detection of The p53 Gene in Formalin Fixed Tissue Archives by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Method
items: Academic Stress and Blood Glucose Levels: A Correlational Study Among Medical Laboratory Technology Students
items: Molecular Identification of Lepidopteran Predators of Coccidae on Coffee Plants (Coffea canephora) in Sigi Regency
items: Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Peptide Fractions of Morinda lucida and Alstonia boonei and Protective Effects against Lead-induced Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster
items: Antipyretic Activity of Stembark Extract of Mammea africana in Rats
items: Onychomycosis in Students: An Overview of Nail Care Practices and Personal Hygiene
items: Formula Optimization and Sensory Analysis of Functional Collagen Drink from Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) and Red Guava (Psidium guajava L.)
items: Intraosseous Capillary Hemangioma of the Nasal Dorsum in an Adolescent
items: Potential of Fig Fruit Ethanol Extract (Ficus carica L.) Against Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL Bacteria
items: Green Extraction of Corn Silk Flavonoids Using NADES-UAE: Optimizing Conditions for Agricultural Waste Valorization
items: Actinomycetes from Plant Rhizosphere in Gorontalo Karst Area as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
items: In silico and Histochemical Analysis of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata) Against Alpha Estrogen Receptor
items: Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Dyera polyphylla (Miq) Steenis Extract Using the DPPH Method
items: Application of Edible Coating Water Soluble Based Chitosan Nanoparticles and Polyvinyl Alcohol in Strawberry (Fragaria Ananassa) Storage
items: Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Methanol Extract of Gletang Flower (Tridax procumbens)
items: Therapeutic Effect of Topical Ointment Ethanol Extract From Patiwala Leaves (Lantana camara) on Histological Profile of Incision Wounds in Diabetic Rat Models
items: Toddler Massage as a Supplementary Intervention in Overcoming Stunting in Children: Research from Stunting Locus Area in Gorontalo City
items: Computational Insights into the Comparative Analysis of Insulin- like Compounds in Bitter Melon: Targeting GSK-3 Protein and Insulin Receptor
items: Analysis of Influencing Factors on The Provision of Birth Control Equipment and Materials at The Lahomi Non-Inpatient Health Center Unit, West Nias Regency
items: https://mail.sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/1103
items: Beneficial Effect of Sumbawa Wild Horse Milk Yogurt on Lipid Profile and Cardiovascular Risk in Rats on a High-Cholesterol Diet
items: Effect of Essential Oil of Tejpat, Black Pepper, and Cardamom as a Natural Food Preservatives for Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Juice
items: Effect of Different Concentration of SCOBY Kombucha as an Anti-acne Against Staphylococcus aureus in The Ear of Mice (Mus musculus)

Evaluation of Selected Pharmacological Properties of a Polyherbal Extract (Aju Mbaise) in Experimental Rats
type: item
description: Aju Mbaise, an herbal combination widely utilized in southeastern Nigeria for managing postpartum complications and alleviating menstrual pain, was evaluated for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diarrheal properties in rats. Specific objectives included evaluating anti-diarrheal effects, examining anti-inflammatory effects and assessing analgesic properties of the herbal combination. The study involved subjecting the Aju Mbaise polyherbal extract (APE) to phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity testing. Anti-diarrheal effects were evaluated by administering charcoal as a meal and using castor oil-induced models. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed through the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model, and analgesic properties were examined using the acetic acid-induced pain model. Phytochemical analysis identified alkaloids, tannins, phenols, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins in the extract. The acute toxicity value exceeded 5000 mg/kg body weight, indicating safety. In animal studies, APE exhibited significant inhibitory effects on intestinal motility, reduced wet stool frequency, and influenced the castor oil-induced diarrhoea and enhanced anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, it demonstrated a reduction in acetic acid-induced pain in rats. The APE with its diverse phytochemical composition, possesses anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. However, further research is needed to establish ideal dosages and potential adverse effects.
creator: Robert Ikechukwu Uroko
creator: Nnah Solomon Ijioma
creator: Henry Nnaemeka Ogbonna
creator: Nancy Oluomachi Uchenna
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Robert Ikechukwu Uroko, Nnah Solomon Ijioma, Henry Nnaemeka Ogbonna, Nancy Oluomachi Uchenna
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 591
ending page: 599
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.591-599

Physicochemical Characterization and Dissolution Enhancement of Mefenamic Acid–Isonicotinamide Crystalline Solid Dispersion
type: item
description: Poor aqueous solubility limits the bioavailability of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like mefenamic acid. This study aims to improve the solubility and dissolution of mefenamic acid through crystalline solid dispersions using solvent evaporation and co-grinding techniques with selected co-formers. Solid dispersions were formulated at different drug-to-co-former ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) and characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. DSC results revealed reduced crystallinity, indicated by the disappearance of melting peaks and the appearance of a single glass transition temperature. FTIR analysis confirmed hydrogen bonding between the drug and co-former, while PXRD patterns showed a loss of long-range order, supporting the formation of amorphous phases. Dissolution testing demonstrated a significant increase in drug release, particularly in the 1:2 formulation, which outperformed the pure drug and other ratios. These results confirm that the choice of preparation method and co-former ratio critically influence the performance of solid dispersions. This study provides valuable insights into the design of improved oral formulations for poorly soluble drugs, contributing to the advancement of pharmaceutical technology
creator: Indra Indra
creator: Nurul Apriani
creator: Ade Yeni Aprillia
creator: Winda Trisna Wulandari
creator: Gatut Ari Wardani
creator: Firman Gustaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indra, Nurul Apriani, Ade Yeni Aprillia, Winda Trisna Wulandari, Gatut Ari Wardani, Firman Gustaman
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 601
ending page: 607
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.601-607

Cytogenotoxicity Test and Biological Evaluation of Curculigo latifolia Extract with Bioindicators Allium cepa L. var. aggregate
type: item
description: Curculigo latifolia plants have secondary metabolites that can suppress cell division. Compounds that suppress cell division can be used as anticancer drug candidates. This research aims to determine the effect of C. latifolia root extract on cell division and genotoxic effects using bioindicator A. cepa L. var. aggregatum. This study was conducted experimentally with a completely randomized design (CRD) using 6 treatment levels and 5 replications. The treatment levels in this study were K (water), K + (H2O2 300 Mm), K - (H2O2 26 hours + water 46 hours) and a combination of treatments at P1, P2, and P3 with H2O2 immersion (26 hours) and continued immersion of C. latifolia root extract concentrations of 400 µg mL-1, 600 µg mL-1 and 800 µg mL-1 (46 hours). The roots of A. cepa from the soaking treatment of C. latifolia extract were used to make preparations using the squash method. The results of the ANOVA test showed that the administration of C. latifolia root extract had a significant effect on the mitotic index and cell abnormalities (P<0.05). P1 had the most effective value in reducing the mitotic index and cell chromosome abnormalities.
creator: Susan Susanti
creator: Nelis Hernahadini
creator: Subagio Joko Suprapto
creator: Haryanto Haryanto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Susan Susanti, Nelis Hernahadini, Subagio Joko Suprapto, Haryanto Haryanto
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 609
ending page: 614
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.609-614

The Acoustic Material Constructed by the Fiber of Eichhornia crassipes and Banana Peel as a Sound Pollutant-reducing Solution
type: item
description: This study aims to evaluate and compare the effect of the composition of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with a banana peel on the absorption coefficient value as a composite material for absorbing sound waves. The cellulose within the water hyacinth and banana peel lead to reduced overload sound waves. This study used an experimental method providing banana peel crushed into powder, water hyacinth fiber, and resin (as a catalyst). All samples were prepared with dimensions of 13.5 cm × 25 cm × 0.8 cm. A frequency generator application was used as the sound source (125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz), while a sound meter application measured sound intensity (dB). The results indicated that the outer surface of sample D had a superior absorption coefficient, measuring 0.51 at 250 Hz and 0.45 at 2000 Hz. Meanwhile, the inner surface of sample D recorded absorption coefficients of 0.46 at 250 Hz and 0.45 at 2000 Hz. Variations in absorption values were attributed to destructive interference and saturation. Sample D contained more water hyacinth (approximately 30%) than banana peel powder. This suggests that water hyacinth and banana peel powder are viable natural fiber alternatives for sound wave absorption.
creator: Regita Dimar Asyurra
creator: Avivah Afra Amatullah
creator: Annisa Zaskia Putri
creator: Mayshilla Anatayya Putri Zevly
creator: Angga Puja Asiandu
creator: Widya Sari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Regita Dimar Asyurra, Avivah Afra Amatullah, Annisa Zaskia Putri, Mayshilla Anatayya Putri Zevly, Angga Puja Asiandu, Widya Sari
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 615
ending page: 619
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.615-619

Macroscopic, Microscopic, and Phytochemical Screening Analysis of Medicinal Plants in Nagari Lasi, West Sumatra
type: item
description: Indonesia is one of the countries titled “Megabiodiversity”, which has a high level of biodiversity, including medicinal plants. Medicinal plants utilize various parts of plants, such as roots, leaves, stems, and fruits for prevention, treatment, and pain relief. Nagari Lasi has great potential in the diversity of medicinal plants, but their utilization by the community is still limited due to a lack of knowledge. This study aims to identify the content of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants through macroscopic, microscopic, and phytochemical screening. The methods include organoleptic observation, macroscopic and microscopic analysis, and phytochemical tests. Of the 150 plant samples, the results showed that 78 samples contained alkaloids, 115 samples contained phenolics, 129 samples contained flavonoids, 75 samples contained steroids, 21 samples contained triterpenoids, and 119 samples contained saponins. This study provides basic information regarding the phytochemical content of medicinal plants in Nagari Lasi as a first step in developing traditional medicine.
creator: Tika Afriani
creator: Devahimer Harsep Rosi
creator: Winda Mailinda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tika Afriani, Devahimer Harsep Rosi, Winda Mailinda
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 621
ending page: 633
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.621-633

Antimicrobial Properties of Endophytic Fungal Culture Filtrates from Tinospora crispa
type: item
description: Endophytic fungi can produce bioactive compounds that are useful as antimicrobials. This study evaluates the antimicrobial potential of culture filtrate extracts derived from endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plant Tinospora crispa. Isolation was carried out from the roots, leaves, and stems of T. crispa, which were then identified based on the ITS gene. The culture filtrate was extracted using ethyl acetate and assessed for antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. A total of 3 endophytic fungal isolates were isolated and identified as Acrocalymma vagum, Diaporthe tulliensis, and Colletotrichum truncatum. The results showed that all culture filtrate extracts of the fungal endophyte isolates exhibited varying antimicrobial activity, with the highest antibacterial activity demonstrated by C. truncatum isolates against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The most significant anticandida activity was by D. tulliensis isolates. Endophytic fungi of medicinal plant T. crispa can be developed as a source of antimicrobial agents, especially to overcome the increasing antibiotics resistance.
creator: Oktira Roka Aji
creator: Karomah Indah Fitria
creator: Naresh Wari Mega Vianingtyas
creator: Adelyanty Pangestuty Wicaksono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Oktira Roka Aji, Karomah Indah Fitria, Naresh Wari Mega Vianingtyas, Adelyanty Pangestuty Wicaksono
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 635
ending page: 640
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.635-640

In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Properties of Lime Mistletoe (Dendrophthoe petandra (L.) Miq.) Extract Against Escherichia coli
type: item
description: The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitates the exploration of alternative antimicrobial agents derived from natural sources. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of lime mistletoe (Dendrophthoe petandra (L.) Miq.) extract against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 using the disc diffusion method. Extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% were prepared alongside negative (distilled water) and positive (Cefadroxil) controls. Nutrient Agar (NA) media were inoculated with E. coli and discs impregnated with each concentration were placed on the media, followed by incubation at 37°C for 24 hours. The inhibition zones were measured to assess antibacterial activity. Results demonstrated a concentration-dependent increase in antibacterial efficacy, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 8.3 mm at 20% extract to 20.3 mm at 100% extract concentration. The highest concentration’s inhibition zone was comparable to that of Cefadroxil (22.5 mm). No inhibition was observed in the negative control. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between treatment groups (p < 0.05). The antibacterial activity of lime mistletoe extract is likely due to its bioactive phytochemicals such as flavonoids and phenolics, which are known to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit microbial growth. These findings suggest that Dendrophthoe petandra extract holds potential as a natural antibacterial agent, providing an alternative to conventional antibiotics amid growing resistance issues. Further studies involving isolation of active compounds, toxicity evaluation, and in vivo testing are recommended to validate its clinical applicability.
creator: Lisa Savitri
creator: Juan Vega Mahardika
creator: Novirma Yanti
creator: Syntia Tanu Juwita
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Juan Vega Mahardika, Novirma Yanti, Syntia Tanu Juwita
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 641
ending page: 644
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.641-644

Identification of Gamma-Aminobutyricacid (GABA) of Tempeh Made from Koro Kratok (Phaseolus lunatus) Bean and Beluntas (Plunchea indica) Leaves as Glucose Stabilizer
type: item
description: The tempeh available on the market is predominantly made from imported soybeans, but alternative formulations using locally sourced legumes, such as koro kratok (Phaseolus lunatus), have been explored. This study investigates the potential of koro kratok tempeh enriched with Plunchea indica (beluntas) leaves to improve its functionality. The study will evaluate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and physicochemical changes during fermentation. Tempeh was produced using different koro kratok-to-P. indica leaf ratios (100:0, 75:25, and 50:50). Key parameters observed included mycelium development and the content of fat, moisture, ash, protein, carbohydrates, and pH. Adding P. indica increased the fat content by 0.66–2.28%, the moisture content by 68.81–78.42%, and the ash content by 0.36–1.09%. Meanwhile, the protein content ranged from 6.62–8.87%, the carbohydrate content from 12.07–21.31%, and the pH between 4.21–4.25. The inclusion of P. indica also altered the profile of dominant volatile compounds. GABA was detected in all samples, and in vivo studies showed improved blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in prediabetic rats. These results suggest that koro kratok tempeh enriched with P. indica leaves could be a promising functional food for regulating blood glucose.
creator: Istiqomah Istiqomah
creator: Dina Mustika Rini
creator: Larisa Tania
creator: Sholihatil Hidayati
creator: Mohammad Rofik Usman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Istiqomah, Dina Mustika Rini, Larisa Tania, Sholihatil Hidayati, Mohammad Rofik Usman
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 645
ending page: 654
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.645-654

Proximate Analysis and Chemical Constituents of Psychotria latistipula Benth. (Rubiaceae) Leaves
type: item
description: Psychotria latistipula Benth. (Rubiaceae), a traditional Nigerian medicinal plant recognised for its effectiveness in treating cancer, tumours, bronchial and gastrointestinal disorders was investigated for its chemical constituents by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique; also, proximate analysis was done to determine the composition of moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, fat, carbohydrate, and ash contents, which had not been previously reported. P. latistipula leaves were extracted by maceration using acetone and hexane (1:1). The proximate analysis indicated that the leaves of P. latistipula contain moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, fat, carbohydrate, and ash contents of 8.91±0.14, 12.43±0.05, 20.78±0.66, 2.28±0.06, 50.34±0.79, and 5.27±0.16%, respectively, demonstrating a notably high carbohydrate content. The GC-MS identified twenty-eight compounds, making up 93.08% of the total. The dominant classes of these compounds included fatty acid esters, saturated fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, and unsaturated fatty acid aldehydes accounting for 19.27%, 18.71%, 13.77% and 13.36% of the total, respectively. Octadecanoic acid (14.03%) was the major compound in P. latistipula leaves acetone-hexane extract. Notably, Octadecanoic acid is known for its potential anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant properties, which indicates P. latistipula could serve as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer agents further justifying its ethnomedicinal use.
creator: Samuel Akinniyi Odewo
creator: Olayombo Margaret Banwo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel Akinniyi Odewo, Olayombo Margaret Banwo
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 655
ending page: 662
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.655-662

Stability Test and Antioxidant Activity Test of Sheet Mask Preparation of Avocado Peel (Persea americana Mill) Ethanol Extract with DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Pikrilhydrazil) method
type: item
description: The avocado plant (Persea americana Mill) is known to have various benefits, one of which is in the skin of the fruit which contains flavonoid compounds as antioxidants. This antioxidant compound has the potential to be used as an active ingredient in various cosmetic preparations, one of which is sheet masks. This study aims to determine the physical quality, stability, and antioxidant activity of avocado peel ethanol extract formulated in sheet mask preparation. This study uses a quantitative method with an experimental design, and applies a complete random design (RAL) consisting of three variations of extract concentration, namely 2%, 4%, and 6%. Physical quality evaluation includes organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and viscosity, as well as stability tests using the cycling test method for six cycles. Antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method to determine the IC50 value. The results show that all formulas meet good physical quality. The 6% formula has the best stability with a pH of 5.79±0.062, an adhesion of 3.60 ± 0.130 seconds, and a viscosity of 9490.67 ± 27.57 cP. Statistical tests showed no significant changes in pH (p = 0.385), adhesion (p = 0.833), and viscosity (p = 1.000). The antioxidant activity test showed that Sheet mask with a concentration of 6% had an IC50 value of 198.11 ppm and was classified as having weak antioxidant activity, while avocado peel ethanol extract had an IC50 value of 53.11 ppm and was classified as having strong antioxidant activity. So it can be concluded that sheet mask preparations have good physical quality and are stable during storage, but the antioxidant activity of avocado peel extract is higher than sheet mask preparations.
creator: Uswatun Khasanah
creator: Yetti Hariningsih
creator: Syamsul Ma'arif
creator: Hery Prambudi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uswatun Khasanah, Yetti Hariningsih, Syamsul Ma'arif, Hery Prambudi
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 663
ending page: 671
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.663-671

Molecular Method Optimization to Identify Plasmodium falciparum Multidrug Resistance 1 (pfmdr1) gene as a Predictor of Antimalarial Resistance
type: item
description: Several approaches have been designed to control malaria, a disease with high morbidity and mortality, but they face some hurdles. Antimalarial resistance is one of the major challenges for malaria elimination, so the detection of antimalarial resistance is essential. Several molecular markers for antimalarial resistance have been identified, including Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) gene. This study determined the optimization of molecular techniques to identify the pfmdr1 gene as an antimalarial resistance predictor in Indonesia. The study included patients diagnosed with uncomplicated or severe malaria originating from the health district of Kerom Regency, Papua Province, and Dr. Soebandi Hospital, Jember, East Java Province. Blood samples were collected in the Whatmann filer paper after informed consent. DNA was isolated from dried blood filter paper, and nested PCR was performed using a specific primer, the pfmdr1-A and pfmdr1-B genes. The PCR cycle was optimized based on previous studies. The pfmdr1-A has a similar setting to the earlier study, but the pfmdr1-B had a different optimum setting from the previous study with the annealing temperature of 57oC for nested-1 and 62oC for nested-2. This PCR setting could be used for further examination. The positive results of the amplification indicated the potential for antimalarial resistance in the parasite population. A study on the gene copy number and polymorphism is essential to determine the definitive conclusion on antimalarial resistance.
creator: Erma Sulistyaningsih
creator: Rosita Dewi
creator: Sheilla Rachmania
creator: Irawan Fajar Kusuma
creator: Muhammad Rizqi Kholifaturrohmy
creator: Yunita Armiyanti
creator: Sakinatus Sariroh Kholifaturrohmah
creator: Made Prasanti Andriani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Erma Sulistyaningsih, Rosita Dewi, Sheilla Rachmania, Irawan Fajar Kusuma, Muhammad Rizqi Kholifaturrohmy, Yunita Armiyanti, Sakinatus Sariroh Kholifaturrohmah, Made Prasanti Andriani
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 673
ending page: 678
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.673-678

Effect of Modified Kimpul Flour Substitution and Glycerol Monostearate Concentration on The Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Sweet Bread
type: item
description: Wheat flour is the primary ingredient in sweet bread production, yet its import-dependent supply in countries like Indonesia prompts the need for alternative local ingredients. Kimpul tuber (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), rich in carbohydrates, presents a promising substitute, though its native starch properties are less suitable for baking. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting wheat flour with heat moisture treatment (HMT)-modified kimpul flour and the addition of glycerol monostearate (GMS) on the physicochemical and sensory properties of sweet bread. A factorial completely randomized design was applied using three wheat-to-kimpul flour ratios (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) and three GMS concentrations (2%, 3%, and 4%). Results showed that higher kimpul flour substitution increased moisture and carbohydrate content but reduced protein and fat levels. Textural properties such as hardness and adhesiveness also increased with kimpul content, but these were mitigated by the addition of GMS, particularly at 3%. The optimal formulation 1:1 wheat-to-kimpul ratio with 3% GMS produced sweet bread with the best overall sensory acceptance. The findings suggest that HMT-modified kimpul flour combined with GMS can serve as a functional and acceptable alternative to wheat flour in bread production. This supports food diversification strategies and promotes the utilization of local tuber-based flours in bakery applications.
creator: Siti Nurlaela Setianingsih
creator: Rizky Muliani Dwi Ujianti
creator: Iffah Muflihati
creator: Fafa Nurdyansyah
creator: Mega Novita
creator: Diva Julia Paramita
creator: Shindi Nofitasari
creator: Dola Mareta Anggarini
creator: Abdillah Fathan Generus Annajah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Nurlaela Setianingsih, Rizky Muliani Dwi Ujianti, Iffah Muflihati, Fafa Nurdyansyah, Mega Novita, Diva Julia Paramita, Shindi Nofitasari, Dola Mareta Anggarini, Abdillah Fathan Generus Annajah
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 679
ending page: 683
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.679-683

Identification of Total Coliform Bacteria in Processed Enbal Food in Several Traditional Markets in Ambon City
type: item
description: Enbal is a traditional food from Maluku, originally from the Kei Islands, made from bitter cassava (Manihot esculenta). This processed food product holds significant historical and cultural value. However, enbal can become a source of illness if not prepared properly, leading to contamination and an increased risk of foodborne diseases. This study aimed to determine the microbiological quality through total plate count (TPC) analysis and bacterial identification of enbal at several traditional markets in Ambon City. It was a descriptive observational study with a true experimental laboratory approach. The TPC results for enbal food samples from Mardika market ranged from 14.5 × 102 CFU/g to 4.85 × 104 CFU/g, Waiheru market ranged from 8.3 × 102 CFU/g to 3.2 × 105 CFU/g, Batu Merah market ranged from 11.0 × 104 to 3.0 × 105 CFU/g, and Passo market ranged from 2.4 × 102 CFU/g to 3.75 × 105 CFU/g. The results of bacterial species identification from the four enbal food samples revealed Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Thus, it can be concluded that the four enbal samples examined are safe for consumption as they do not exceed the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 01-2997-1996, which is 1 x 106 CFU/g.
creator: Salmin Safril Nahumarury
creator: Melda Yunita
creator: Anggun Lestary Husein
creator: Effendi Effendi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salmin Safril Nahumarury, Melda Yunita, Anggun Lestary Husein, Effendi Effendi
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 685
ending page: 692
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.685-692

Washed Erythrocyte (WE) Bag Bacteria Brevundimonas vesicularis Identification at the Blood Donor Unit PMI DKI Jakarta
type: item
description: A Packed Red Cell (PRC) component known as a washed erythrocyte (WE) has undergone two to three washings with sterile physiological saline to get rid of 99% of the plasma protein, antibodies, and some leukocytes. The goal of this study was to use Bact/alert media to detect the presence or absence of bacteria (anaerobes or aerobes) in WE blood components because there is a chance that germs from the environment could contaminate WE processing because it is still an open system and the manufacturing is still exposed to the elements. Blood samples come from WE blood products that have undergone quality checks for bacterial contamination in a lab dedicated to product quality. Checking for bacterial contamination in the blood involves utilizing the Bact / Alert tool to examine bacterial contamination. Blood product aerobic (BPA) and blood product anaerobic (BPN) media are used in the culture of blood product sample on Bact/alert. Aside from 1 (2.44%) component sample of WE blood that was identified as bacteria in BPA media, the results of the 41 samples examined in 2020 showed that there was aerobic bacterial contamination in BPA media but no anaerobic bacterial contamination in BPN media. This was confirmed by the examination of samples on BPN media, which yielded negative results in 41 samples (100%) and positive results from none of the 41 samples. The results of identification at the Microbiology Laboratory at the University of Indonesia showed that the aerobic bacteria that contaminated washed erythrocyte (WE) blood products on BPA microbiology media were Brevundimonas vesicularis.
creator: Widia Rahmatullah
creator: Rina Oktaviyanti
creator: Resmi Aini
creator: Rudina Azimata R.
creator: Reska Handayani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Widia Rahmatullah, Rina Oktaviyanti, Resmi Aini, Rudina Azimata R., Reska Handayani
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 693
ending page: 698
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.693-698

Formulation and Evaluation of Spirulina-Based Gel with Varying Carbopol Concentrations for Anti-Acne Activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis
type: item
description: Spirulina platensis is a blue-green microalga known for its antibacterial properties, offering potential as a natural alternative in acne treatment. Acne vulgaris, often caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, requires effective topical solutions. Gels are favored for their non-greasy texture, ease of application, and good skin absorption. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate anti-acne gels containing 25% Spirulina extract with varying Carbopol concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%). Each formulation was assessed for physical properties, stability over 21 days, and antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. All gel formulations met quality standards for pH, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesiveness. The gel with 0.5% Carbopol (FI) showed the best spreadability, ideal viscosity, and good adhesiveness, along with the highest antibacterial activity, exhibiting an inhibition zone of 16.5 mm—comparable to tetracycline. In conclusion, Spirulina-based gel with 0.5% Carbopol offers an effective, stable, and natural anti-acne option. These findings highlight the potential of Spirulina as a bioactive agent in topical formulations and encourage further research for clinical applications in acne management.
creator: Emmellia Yunitha
creator: Anita Nilawati
creator: Mega Novita
creator: Dian Marlina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Emmellia Yunitha, Anita Nilawati, Mega Novita, Dian Marlina
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 699
ending page: 705
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.699-705

Antimalaria Potential and Toxicological Evaluation of Synclisia scabrida (Miers) Ex Oliv Methanol Root Extract in Plasmodium berghei-infected Mice Model
type: item
description: Despite the artemisinin-based combination therapy for malaria treatment, it remains a public health concern globally. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel antimalarial drugs to arrest this perceived threat to global malaria control. This study aims to investigate the antimalarial potential of S. scabrida (SS) and evaluate its possible effect on haematological and biochemical parameters. Malaria was inoculated in mice using Plasmodium berghei. After 72 h, they were orally treated for four days as follows: Group 1: 10 mL/kg % Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO); Group 2: 140 mg/kg Artemether/lumefantrine; Groups 3, 4 and 5: 500, 250, 125 mg/kg SS methanolic extract, respectively. SS methanolic extract significantly reduced parasite density and percentage parasitemia (p < 0.05) at all doses used in the study, non-significantly increased haematological, biochemical parameters and distorted liver architecture; when compared to the negative control. SS methanolic extract exhibited good antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei. Lower SS dose did not cause significant changes to the lipid profiles. However, the high dose may not be safe since there were some adverse effects shown on the liver and kidney status. Further studies are warranted to determine the effect of the middle and the lowest doses on the liver and kidney.
creator: Ogochukwu Ngozi Nwaefulu
creator: John Ihechukwu Nwafor
creator: Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku
creator: Ngozi Ezinwanne Amuchie
creator: Blessing Akporotu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ogochukwu Ngozi Nwaefulu, John Ihechukwu Nwafor, Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku, Ngozi Ezinwanne Amuchie, Blessing Akporotu
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 707
ending page: 715
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.707-715

Investigating Genetic Vulnerability to Environmental Exposures and Associated Lung Diseases: A Bioinformatics Study
type: item
description: Lung diseases induced by environmental exposures such as air pollution, cigarette smoke, and industrial particles remain a significant global health concern, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates. Genetic variations are known to influence individual responses to environmental exposures, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions are not well understood. This study aims to identify genetic variants, specifically Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), that may increase the risk of lung diseases using a bioinformatics approach. The analysis was conducted by integrating various public genetic databases, including PheWAS, GWAS Catalog, HaploReg v4.2, GTEx Portal, and Ensembl Genome Browser. SNPs were filtered based on p-value < 0.05 and odds ratio (OR) > 1. Missense mutations in selected SNPs were further analyzed for gene expression in lung tissue and distribution across populations. From an initial 151 SNPs, 86 met the statistical criteria, and six were identified as missense variants. Two genes, TNIP1 and PSMB8, showed significantly high expression in lung tissue. SNP rs2071543 in PSMB8 exhibited a strong correlation with increased gene expression and demonstrated notable allele frequency variation across populations. These findings suggest that genetic variations, particularly in PSMB8, may contribute to individual susceptibility to lung diseases induced by environmental exposures. This study highlights the importance of multidatabase analysis in identifying genetic biomarkers and provides a foundation for the development of precision therapies for multifactorial lung diseases.
creator: Muhammad Farid
creator: Ardestya Rastrani
creator: Shaldhan Bayu Yuska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Farid, Ardestya Rastrani, Shaldhan Bayu Yuska
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 717
ending page: 723
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.717-723

Sensitive and Selective Chromatographic Method to Determine Vanadium in Commercial Phosphoric Acid
type: item
description: The spectrophotometric method adopting N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine was exechted for ascertaining vanadium in environmental samples. high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with a C18 RP column was used to determine vanadium in wet phosphoric acid and phosphate samples. A rapid pre-column response of vanadium with 5-Br-PADAP was used without prior separation or adding any masking agents. The results showed that, the chelates were detected after being injected through the column by UV- Vis detector at wavelength 585 nm. The molar absorptivity is 5.5 x104 and the retention time is 6.3 minutes. The sensitivity of this reagent is equal to twice as high as the use of (PAR) reagent. The RSD was 1.7% for weak concentrations to 0.22% for high concentrations and the relative error (RE) was between 3.21% and 1.07%. In conclusion the method of the currently study was found highly sensitive and selective and the results show a good accuracy and precision.
creator: Hassan Pyar
creator: Abdul Rahman Wahoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Pyar, Abdul Rahman Wahoud
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 725
ending page: 729
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.725-729

The Antivirulence Mechanisms of Phytate Against Pathogenic Bacteria in Skin Infections
type: item
description: Skin infections caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Propionibacterium acnes are often a common health problem. One treatment is antibiotics, but the cases of antibiotic resistance are increasing. Thus, new treatment alternatives are needed. This study aimed to analyze the molecular mechanism of phytate antivirulence against pathogenic bacteria of skin infection. This study used a bioinformatics approach involving analysis of phytate interactions with bacterial virulent proteins via STITCH, functional classification of proteins with VICMpred, and prediction of virulence properties using VirulentPred. B-cell and MHC epitopes were analyzed using IEDB, while protein subcellular location was determined through PSORTb. The results showed that phytate interacted specifically with virulent proteins in all three bacteria, most of which functioned in cellular and metabolic processes. These virulent proteins also have immunologically relevant epitopes. Subcellular location analysis showed that phytate protein targets were dispersed in the cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasm. These findings indicated that phytate has a significant antivirulence mechanism by targeting virulent proteins of skin pathogenic bacteria, thus potentially becoming a therapeutic agent to treat skin infections while reducing antibiotic resistance.
creator: Nabilatul Zhofiroh
creator: Rian Ka Praja
creator: Elsa Trinovita
creator: Ysrafil Ysrafil
creator: Ranintha BR Surbakti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nabilatul Zhofiroh, Rian Ka Praja, Elsa Trinovita, Ysrafil Ysrafil, Ranintha BR Surbakti
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 731
ending page: 738
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.731-738

Nigella Sativa Oil Protects Against Aluminium Chloride-Induced Cognitive Impairment Via Modulation of Cholinergic Activity, Brain Neurotransmitter, and Oxidative Stress
type: item
description: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory impairment, with no known cure. This study investigated the potential protective effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on aluminium chloride-induced cognitive impairment in Wistar rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups. Group I received 1 ml/kg of distilled water. Groups II-IV were administered aluminium chloride (100 mg/kg). Groups III and IV were co-treated with NSO at 1 ml/kg and 2 ml/kg, respectively. Neurobehavioral assessments (Morris water maze and Y-maze) were performed, followed by biochemical analysis of brain tissues. Aluminium chloride significantly (p < 0.05) impaired spatial learning and memory and decreased the percentage of alternation. It also significantly (p < 0.05) increased acetylcholinesterase level, glutamate concentration, and malondialdehyde level, and decreased antioxidant markers. Meanwhile, Nigella sativa oil (1 ml/kg and 2 ml/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) improved learning ability and spatial memory, and increased percentage alternation in the Y-maze test. Nigella sativa oil also significantly (p < 0.05) decreases acetylcholinesterase, glutamate, and malondialdehyde, and increases antioxidant biomarkers. This study showed that Nigella sativa oil can improve cognitive and spatial learning functions via modulation of cholinergic activity, brain neurotransmitters, and oxidative stress.
creator: Ayodeji Oluwatobi Ojetunde
creator: Abdulwahab Alhassan
creator: Ibrahim Suleiman
creator: Ahmed Sherif Isa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ayodeji Oluwatobi Ojetunde, Abdulwahab Alhassan, Ibrahim Suleiman, Ahmed Sherif Isa
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 739
ending page: 746
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.739-746

Extracellular Metabolites of Clove-Endophytic Bacteria, Niallia nealsonii DCL1, Exhibit Potential Cellular Antioxidant and Antiaging Activities
type: item
description: The clove plant, Syzygium aromaticum L., is a highly valued spice in Indonesia, recognized for its extensive applications in food preservation and medicinal uses. In a prior study, six endophytic bacteria were successfully isolated from clove leaves. One of these isolates, designated as DCL1, is a Gram-positive bacterium identified as Niallia nealsonii. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and antiaging properties of the extracellular metabolite of DCL1. Extracellular metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate and evaluated for antioxidant activity via the DPPH assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were also quantified with further metabolilte profiling using Liquid Chromatography Tandem-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Further study of antiaging activity was assayed using yeast model Schizosacchromyces pombe. The extract from N. nealsonii DCL1 cultures harvested at 28 and 40 hours yielded 0.01% and 0.009%, respectively. Our findings indicate that the 40-hour extract contains higher levels of phenolics (93.54 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract) and flavonoids (12.09 mg quercetin equivalents/g extract) compared to the 28-hour extract. Additionally, the 40-hour extract exhibited greater antioxidant activity than the 28-hour extract, as demonstrated by DPPH (IC50 222 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 511.43 µg/mL) assays. Moreover, the 40-hour extract significantly prolonged the viability of S. pombe, suggesting its potential as an anti-aging agent. LC-MS/MS analysis identified several potential bioactive compounds, including gallic acid and N-carbamoyl-2,3-dihydroxybenzamide, which may contribute to its bioactivity. Ultimately, our study indicates that DCL1 40-h extract showed antiaging potential, which is promising as source and formulation of biopharmaceutical or cosmeceutical products.
creator: Nadiyah Salsabilah
creator: Muhammad Eka Prastya
creator: Rika Indri Astuti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nadiyah Salsabilah, Muhammad Eka Prastya, Rika Indri Astuti
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 747
ending page: 755
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.747-755

Detection of Escherichia coli Contamination Using Most Probable Number (MPN) Methods of Jamu Pahitan in Singaparna District, Tasikmalaya
type: item
description: Indonesians consume a lot of traditional jamu, including jamu pahitan. However, the hygiene aspect in the production and serving process is often neglected, so it has the potential to be contaminated with Escherichia coli. Using the MPN method, this study analyzed the presence of E. coli in jamu pahitan sold in Singaparna District. A total of 10 samples were tested, taken from jamu vendors who used plastic bottle packaging. The MPN test results showed that all samples contained E. coli with MPN values ranging from 6.0-1100 g/mL. None of the samples met food safety standards based on SNI 7388:2009, because the maximum limit of E. coli in drinks is <3 MPN/mL. The results of Gram staining of bacteria showed that the bacteria found were bacilli, red in color, including Gram-negative bacteria, indicating the presence of E. coli bacteria.
creator: Syifa Sri Rahmawati
creator: Richa Mardianingrum
creator: Susanti Susanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Syifa Sri Rahmawati, Richa Mardianingrum, Susanti Susanti
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 757
ending page: 761
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.757-761

Anatomical Structure of Young Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Leaves for Callogenesis Initiation
type: item
description: Plant anatomy, a key area within biology, examines the structure and organization of plant organs and tissues. It underpins various disciplines such as physiology, ecology, taxonomy, and evolutionary biology. Anatomical data are typically obtained using the paraffin embedding, which facilitates detailed microscopic observations. In oil palm (Elaies guineensis Jacq.) tissue culture, young leaves are commonly used as explants in callogenesis inducing undifferentiated cell growth. The study aimed to describe anatomical characteristics of young oil palm leaves, analyze the correlation between anatomical traits across different leaf positions, and examine anatomical changes during callogenesis. Leaf samples were collected from positions -4, -5, -6, -7 and -8, processed using paraffin embedding technique, and analyzed microscopically. The percentages of callogenesis were also calculated for each leaf position. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT), and correlation analysis was performed in R Studio. The anatomical features included the adaxial and abaxial epidermis, cuticle, hypodermis, mesophyll (palisade and spongy parenchyma), vascular bundles (phloem and xylem), stomata, and sclerencyma. The correlations between mesophyll and leaf thickness were very strong (r= 0.97, p>0.05), indicating that as mesophyll tissue thickness increases, the overall leaf thickness also increases. Notably, leaves at position -8 exhibited the highest rate callogenesis, reaching 204%.
creator: Muhammad Ilham
creator: Ernayunita Ernayunita
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ilham, Ernayunita
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 763
ending page: 769
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.763-769

The Effect of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) Flower Extract on Creatinine Levels and Kidney Histophatology in Alloxan-Induced White Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
type: item
description: Kidney function impairment is a common complication of hyperglycemia, characterized by increased creatinine levels and structural damage to renal tissue. Alloxan is frequently used to induce kidney injury through oxidative stress mechanisms. Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flower contains antioxidant compounds with potential nephroprotective effects. This study aims to determine the effect of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flower extract on creatinine levels and kidney histopathology in alloxan-induced white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with an experimental approach. The negative control group received destilled water, while the positive control group was induced with alloxan (120 mg/kgBW) intraperitoneally and treated with glibenclamide (0.45 mg/kgBW). The treatments groups (P1, P2, and P3) were given alloxan (120 mg/kgBW) and torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flower extract orally at doses of 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 400 mg/kgBW, respectively. This study showed that torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flower extract significantly reduced creatinine levels and improved kidney histopathology (renal tubular necrosis). The 400 mg/kgBW dose was the most effective in lowering creatinine levels and repairing kidney tissue damage.
creator: Nofri Megariang Hura
creator: Erlintan Sinaga
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nofri Megariang Hura, Erlintan Sinaga
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 771
ending page: 776
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.771-776

Antioxidant Activity Test of Bride's Tears (Antigonon leptopus) Leaves Using the DPPH Method
type: item
description: Bridal tear leaves can be used to treat various health and beauty problems because they contain various active compounds, such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. These compounds have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. This flower contains antioxidants that can help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals. This research aims to see the effectiveness of antioxidants from bridal tear leaves. The research method involves leaf extraction using 96% ethanol and testing antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The research results showed that the extract sample from bride's tear leaves was (IC50 – 69.7146 ug/mL). This shows that the bride's tear leaf extract is quite strong in inhibiting free radical reactions.
creator: Nailil Wafiq Azizah
creator: Majidah Ramadan
creator: Faisal Faisal
creator: Devana Rahma Aldina
creator: Ramadina Novia Putri
creator: Nur Laila Anggraini
creator: Sabilatul Mufarrohah
creator: Satria Gemilang
creator: Firadika Fitriansyah
creator: Hosiyah Hosiyah
creator: Nuvia Harini Wulan Suci
creator: Nihlatus Sofiya
creator: Terra Januarista
creator: Ramizard Rafsanjani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nailil Wafiq Azizah, Majida Ramadhan*, Faisal, Devana Rahma Aldina, Ramadina Novia Putri, Nur Laila Anggraini, Sabilatul Mufarrohah, Satria Gemilang, Firadika Fitriansyah, Hosiyah, Nuvia Harini Wulan Suci, Nihlatus Sofiya, Terra Januarista, Ramizard Rafsa
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 777
ending page: 781
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.777-781

Optimization of Genomic DNA Extraction Method on Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)
type: item
description: Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is one of the commodities in the Myristicaceae family that has numerous benefits and has high phenolic compounds. Elevated amounts of secondary metabolites in the Myristica genus pose significant challenges for obtaining high-quality DNA. This complexity often results in reduced DNA recovery and suboptimal absorbance ratios, attributed to contamination by RNA and proteins in DNA extraction yields.. The results of DNA extraction that have been obtained through several variations of optimized methods are compared. The DNA extraction method using a modified Geneaid Genomic DNA Mini Kit was determined to produce the highest quality and quantity of DNA. Compared to other protocols such as Doyle and Doyle, modified Doyle and Doyle, and the basic protocol of the Geneaid kit without improvement, the modified Geneaid Genomic DNA Mini Kit had a high mean range purity of 1.83, and bands appeared.
creator: Tanti Agustina
creator: Abdul Razaq Chasani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tanti Agustina, Abdul Razaq Chasani
date: 2025-10-08
publication date: 2025-10-08
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 783
ending page: 786
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.783-786

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Water Extracts of Selected Plant Species from Tuzla Region (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
type: item
description: This study aims to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of aqueous extracts of six different plant species, which are widely used in traditional medicine: Salvia officinalis L., Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds., Urtica dioica L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Rubus fruticosus L. and Achillea millefolium L. The samples were collected in the Tuzla region between March and July 2025. All of the mentioned plants are important in traditional medicine and have been previously reported to have biological activity. The antioxidant activity was tested by the DPPH and FRAP methods, while the antibacterial potential was tested by the diffusion technique on reference bacterial strains from the WDCM collection. The extracts showed high antioxidant activity, with nettle and sage extracts showing the most potent in neutralizing DPPH radicals. Weak to moderate antibacterial activity was recorded in the case of nettle, sage, mint and rosemary extracts, and a complete absence of activity in the case of yarrow and blackberry leaf extracts.
creator: Lejla Mekic
creator: Edina Huseinovic
creator: Jasmina Dedic
creator: Darja Husejnagic
creator: Emir Horozic
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lejla Mekic, Edina Huseinovic, Jasmina Dedic, Darja Husejnagic, Emir Horozic
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 787
ending page: 793
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.787-793

Isolation and Identification of Dermatophytes from Toenails and Interdigital Spaces of Students Using Czapek Yeast Extract Agar
type: item
description: Dermatophytosis remains a common superficial fungal infection affecting nails and interdigital spaces, with Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes as the predominant etiologic agents. The recent emergence of terbinafine-resistant T. indotineae has raised new challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Although Sabouraud Dextrose Agar is the conventional medium for fungal culture, alternative media such as Czapek Yeast Extract Agar (CYA) may provide additional advantages for dermatophyte isolation and morphological identification. This study aimed to isolate and identify dermatophytes from toenails and interdigital spaces of university students using CYA medium and to evaluate its applicability in dermatophyte culture. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 100 university students aged 18–24 years. Specimens were collected from toenails (n = 60) and interdigital spaces (n = 40). Direct microscopy was performed using 20% KOH preparation. Samples were cultured on CYA supplemented with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide, and incubated at 28 ± 2 °C for up to 21 days. Fungal isolates were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Data were analyzed descriptively, and associations were tested using the chi-square test. Fungal elements were detected in 65% of samples by KOH examination, and dermatophyte growth was confirmed in 52% of cultures. The most frequently isolated species were T. rubrum (28%) and T. mentagrophytes (18%). Notably, T. indotineae was detected in 5% of samples. No significant difference was found between toenail and interdigital isolates (p = 0.26). Dermatophytes are prevalent among university students, with T. rubrum as the dominant species. The detection of T. indotineae highlights its emerging role in young populations. CYA proved effective for dermatophyte isolation and may serve as an alternative culture medium in academic and diagnostic laboratories.
creator: Lisa Savitri
creator: Kharisul Ihsan
creator: Rochmad Krissanjaya
creator: Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
creator: Novirma Yanti
creator: Mochamad Hanif Hilmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Novirma Yanti, Mochamad Hanif Hilmi
date: 2025-10-10
publication date: 2025-10-10
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 795
ending page: 798
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.795-798

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Infection Prevention and Control Among Health Staff at Seiyun General Hospital Authority
type: item
description: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are continuously exposed to pathogenic microorganisms, which can lead to serious infections. Infection prevention and control (IPC) relies heavily on HCWs’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). This study aimed to assess KAP towards IPC among health staff at Seiyun General Hospital Authority, Yemen, during 2023–2024. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 106 participants. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software. Among participants, 60.6% held a diploma, 62.5% were male, 37.5% were nurses, and 33.7% had 1–5 years of experience. Regarding knowledge, 91.3% reported understanding IPC, and 76.9% acknowledged the role of sterilization. In terms of attitude, 60% strongly agreed that handwashing reduces infections. As for practices, 90.4% washed their hands before patient care, and 76% educated patients about IPC. Significant associations were found between KAP levels and education, age, gender, job category, and experience. Occupational category and work experience influenced KAP levels, while education, age, and gender showed limited impact.
creator: Sarah O. Alsawmhi
creator: Anwar S. Alhussan
creator: Hassan Pyar
creator: Taher I. Bin Sumait
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sarah O. Alsawmhi, Anwar S. Alhussan, Hassan Pyar, Taher I. Bin Sumait
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 799
ending page: 806
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.799-806

The Potential of Lime Juice in Reducing Fe Levels and Improving the Quality of Clove Leaf Oil Using Complexometry and Testing Its Antioxidant Activity Using DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil)
type: item
description: Clove leaf oil from Samigaluh, Kulon Progo has high Fe content and low eugenol content due to an ineffective distillation process. This study aims to analyze the ability of lime juice as a purifying agent in reducing iron content through complexometry, varying the concentration of lime juice (2%, 3%, and 4%) and stirring time (30, 60, and 90 minutes) on 50 mL of clove leaf oil mixed with 50 mL of lime juice. Eugenol isolation was performed using KOH-H2SO4 extraction. Testing was also conducted on eugenol content, acid number, refractive index, specific gravity, and antioxidant activity using DPPH. Sample testing was performed using AAS, GC, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Optimal conditions were obtained at a lime juice concentration of 4% with 60 minutes of stirring, which successfully reduced Fe content from 17.6 to 1.7 mg/kg, increased eugenol content from 75.908% to 78.730% at a lime juice concentration of 3% and 90 minutes of stirring, reducing the acid number from 1.82 to 0.94 mg NaOH/g, increasing the refractive index from 1.331 to 1.529, and increasing the specific gravity from 1.020 to 1.036. Further redistillation with KOH and H2SO4 increased the purity of eugenol to 96.476% with strong antioxidant activity (IC50 57.45 ppm).
creator: Teti Wulan Wulandari
creator: Susy Yunita Prabawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Teti Wulandari, Susy Yunita Prabawati
date: 2025-10-17
publication date: 2025-10-17
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 807
ending page: 816
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.807-816

Predicting the Anti-Pulmonary Fibrosis Potential of Physalis angulata Compounds A Computational Study
type: item
description: Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease characterized by tissue scarring and respiratory decline. Existing treatments have limited efficacy and significant side effects. Physalis angulata, a traditional medicinal plant, shows promise for antifibrotic therapy due to its bioactive compounds potentially targeting key fibrotic pathways. This study aims to predict the potential of Physalis angulata compounds to PI3K/AKT protein as candidates for antifibrotic therapy. Ten active compounds from P. angulata were docked against the PI3K/AKT protein (PDB ID: 2UZT) using AutoDock Vina. Docking was validated by redocking the native ligand. Binding affinities and molecular interactions were analyzed. ADMET properties were predicted via the pkCSM platform to assess pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Myricetrin exhibited the strongest binding affinity (-9.6 kcal/mol), surpassing the native ligand (-9.1 kcal/mol). Other flavonoids, including eriodictyol (-8.9 kcal/mol), naringin (-8.8 kcal/mol), and apigenin (-8.5 kcal/mol), also showed favorable affinities. Critical amino acids involved were Asp184 and Glu121. The redocking RMSD value of 0.893 Ã confirmed methodological accuracy. ADMET predictions revealed high intestinal absorption for tangeretin and apigenin, with no mutagenic or hepatotoxic risks, indicating good pharmacokinetic profiles. Physalis angulata flavonoids exhibit strong PI3K/AKT binding and favorable pharmacokinetics, supporting their potential as antifibrotic agents.
creator: Muhammad Farid
creator: Assa Aulia Kirana
creator: Nandita Diah Oktaviana
creator: Sofia Rasyda
creator: Dwi Anggraini
creator: Widya Aryana Ramadhania
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Farid, Assa Aulia Kirana, Nandita Diah Oktaviana, Sofia Rasyda, Dwi Anggraini, Widya Aryana Ramadhania
date: 2025-10-17
publication date: 2025-10-17
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 817
ending page: 824
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.817-824

Isolation, Morphological Characterization, Biochemistry, and Antagonistic Activity of Endophytic Bacteria from Rice Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae
type: item
description: Endophytic bacteria have the potential as environmentally friendly biocontrol agents in controlling bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). This study aims to isolate, characterize morphology and biochemical tests, and test the antagonistic activity of endophytic bacteria from rice against Xoo. Isolation was carried out from healthy rice root tissue using a surface sterilization method. Morphological characterization included colony shape, color, edge, elevation, and Gram properties, while biochemical characterization included catalase, oxidase, motility, starch hydrolysis, and sugar fermentation tests. The antagonistic test used a dual culture assay method on NA (nutrient agar) media. The isolation results obtained six endophytic bacterial isolates (BETP 01–06) identified as the genus Pseudomonas and Bacillus with varying colony morphological characters. Antimicrobial activity test showed two potential isolates, BETP 03 (Pseudomonas) and BETP 05 (Bacillus), with an average inhibitory diameter of 16.3 mm and 16.5 mm against Xoo, respectively. Biochemical characterization showed that BETP 03 was bacillus, Gram-negative, citrate-negative, motile, gelatin hydrolysis positive, starch hydrolysis positive, and catalase positive; while BETP 05 was bacillus, Gram-positive, citrate-positive, motile, gelatin hydrolysis negative, starch hydrolysis positive, and catalase positive. These results indicate that both isolates have high potential as biological biocontrol agents in controlling bacterial leaf blight disease in rice.
creator: Saipul Sihotang
creator: Alfons Dwi Putra Butar-Butar
creator: Lita Nasution
creator: Haliatur Rahma
creator: Trizelia Trizelia
creator: Magdalena Saragih
creator: Retna Astuti Kuswardani
creator: Ika Listiana
creator: Beatrix Sofranes Napitupulu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Saipul Sihotang, Alfons Dwi Putra Butar-Butar, Lita Nasution, Haliatur Rahma, Trizelia, Magdalena Saragih, Retna Astuti Kuswardani, Ika Listiana, Beatrix Sofranes Napitupulu
date: 2025-10-17
publication date: 2025-10-17
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 825
ending page: 829
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.825-829

Analysis of Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Yogurt Enriched with Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) Extract
type: item
description: The growing demand for functional foods has encouraged the development of dairy products enriched with natural bioactive ingredients to improve nutritional value and health benefits. This study aimed to analyze the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of yogurt enriched with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract. Yogurt was prepared from fresh goat milk with varying concentrations of butterfly pea extract and evaluated for protein, fat, carbohydrate, moisture, ash, vitamin C contents, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptance. Proximate analysis, UV–Vis spectrophotometry, and the DPPH method were used for chemical determinations, while a hedonic test assessed color, taste, aroma, and texture. Results showed that increasing butterfly pea extract significantly decreased protein and fat contents but increased vitamin C and antioxidant activity, with the highest values observed in yogurt containing 60% extract and 4% formulation (N60K2). Moisture and ash contents were not significantly affected. Sensory evaluation indicated that yogurt with 60% extract and 2% formulation (N60K1) was preferred regarding color, taste, aroma, and texture. Considering compliance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and consumer acceptance, N60K1 was the optimal formulation. The findings suggest that butterfly pea extract can enhance the functional properties of yogurt, particularly its antioxidant potential, while maintaining acceptable sensory quality. This provides insights for developing functional dairy products with natural plant-based bioactives.
creator: Yulia Windarsih
creator: I Made Budiarsa
creator: Manap Trianto
creator: Akram Akram
creator: Abdul Ashari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yulia Windarsih, I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, Akram, Abdul Ashari
date: 2025-10-17
publication date: 2025-10-17
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 831
ending page: 841
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.831-841

DFT Study and ADMET Investigation of Bioactive 2-Phenoxyquinolines
type: item
description: Pharmacologically active quinoline compounds show interesting functionalities. However, there is still a dearth of information on the potential wide applications of the quinoline scaffolds especially when the substituents on the rings or functionalities are modified. In this study 2-phenoxyquinoline-3-carbaldehyde derivatives were synthesized and investigated using DFT to determine the molecular parameters, electronic and chemical reactivity descriptors including their possible application as drug candidates. Geometry optimisations were carried out using Becke three-parameter hybrid functional combined with Lee-Yang-Parr correlation functionals and augmented basis set with added sets of diffuse s- and p-functions: BL3YP /6-311++G(d,p). Drug-likeness scores and bioactivity prediction were carried out using the webserver programs ADMET Sar 2. Our results showed slightly lower energy values in water than in ethanol depicting high reactiveness of the 2-phenoxyquinolines in water especially compounds with fluoro- and methoxy substituted having the lowest Egap of 3.79 eV and 3.381 eV respectively. The methoxy substitution confers higher susceptibility to electron transfer and chemical reactive in aqeous medium. The ionization potential energies were lower in water and ethanol when compared to the other gas states calculated values. The MEP surfaces of all the compounds investigated reveals the ether oxygen atoms and carbonyl groups as necessities for effective antioxidant properties. It is noteworthy that five of the compounds investigated have high activity values above 3.0 octanol–water partition coefficient value indicating an excellent inhibitory activity and strong chemical reactivity. Good oral bioavailability was shown by the compounds depicting their excellent activity as kinase inhibitors, nuclear receptor compounds and enzyme inhibitors. It is noteworthy that cytochromes CYP2C19, CYP2C29, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 are not inhibited and therefore do not pose potential ad…
creator: Oluwafemi S. Aina
creator: Mujeeb O. Rofiu
creator: Luqman A. Adams
creator: Oluwole B. Familoni
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Oluwafemi S. Aina, Mujeeb O. Rofiu, Luqman A. Adams, Oluwole B. Familoni
date: 2025-10-20
publication date: 2025-10-20
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 843
ending page: 856
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.843-856

Optimization of Date Palm Extract (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Based Collagen Powder Beverage Formula with Spices (Tamarind and Cinnamon) Addition Using D-Optimal Mixture Design Method
type: item
description: The trend of collagen-based beauty functional drinks is predicted to increase. However, its use can potentially cause a fishy taste, so it is usually formulated together with fruit or spice extracts. Date fruit has the potential for high bioactive content, but its utilization as a powder drink in Indonesia is still relatively low. Tamarind and cinnamon are also Indonesian spice commodities that are rich in bioactive components and have a strong flavor that can cover the fishy taste of collagen. Thus, this study aimed to obtain the optimal formulation and the effect of the addition of date, tamarind, cinnamon, and hydrolase collagen powder on the physicochemical characteristics of the final product using the Design Expert program D-Optimal Mixture Design Method. The first stage of the research was determining the upper and lower limits of the independent variables and a fixed value. The optimal formula suggested by Design Expert consisted of 50% date powder, 24,91% tamarind powder, 20,09% cinnamon powder, and 5% hydrolase collagen powder with a desirability value of 0,805. The second stage of characterization testing in the form of chemical tests resulted in antioxidant activity (IC50) of 263,25 ± 8,01 ppm and total phenol content of 101,71 ± 9,21 mg GAE / 100 g. Characterization in the form of physical tests resulted in a moisture content of 2,98 ± 0,01%, dissolving time of 20,52 ± 0,72 seconds, bulk density of 0,52 ± 0,14 g/ml, and hygroscopicity of 18,73 ± 0,04%.
creator: Raihanurrabb Pawestriaji
creator: Tri Dewanti Widyaningsih
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Raihanurrabb Pawestriaji, Tri Dewanti Widyaningsih
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 857
ending page: 866
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.857-866

Optimization of Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Shoot Cutting Growth Using Plastic Bottle Covers and Goat Urine Treatments
type: item
description: Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is a high-value commodity, yet its productivity in Indonesia remains low due to suboptimal cultivation techniques. One of the main constraints is the limited availability of quality seedlings, which is influenced by propagation methods. Vegetative propagation through shoot cuttings is widely used, but often constrained by low survival and root formation rates. The application of plastic bottle covers and goat urine has the potential to improve propagation success by creating a favorable microclimate and supplying growth regulators and essential nutrients. This study examined the effects of plastic bottle cover types and goat urine concentrations on the growth of C. arabica shoot cuttings. The experiment was arranged in a 3×3 factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with two factors: plastic bottle cover types (no cover, open-cap cover, and closed cover) and goat urine concentrations (0, 100, and 180 mL/L). Observed parameters included shoot length, shoot number, leaf length, leaf number, root length, root number, and root diameter. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results showed a significant interaction between cover type and goat urine concentration. Combining a closed cover with 100 mL/L goat urine produced the highest shoot growth, cutting survival rate, and rooting percentage, while optimal root development was obtained with the closed cover and 180 mL/L goat urine. The most effective treatment was the closed cover combined with 100 mL/L goat urine.
creator: Safinah Safinah
creator: Sri Darmanti
creator: Yulita Nurchayati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Safinah, Sri Darmanti, Yulita Nurchayati
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 867
ending page: 872
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.867-872

Effect of Ciprofloxacin Administration on Gastric Histopathological Changes in Mice
type: item
description: Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used in clinical and veterinary practice. While effective against a broad range of bacterial infections, several studies have reported potential adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the gastric mucosa. This study aimed to evaluate the histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa of mice following ciprofloxacin administration at different doses. A total of 24 male mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, low-dose ciprofloxacin, moderate-dose ciprofloxacin, and high-dose ciprofloxacin. Treatment was administered orally for 14 days. Gastric tissues were collected and examined histologically using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Histopathological analysis revealed dose-dependent mucosal alterations. The control group showed intact gastric architecture, while the low-dose group exhibited mild epithelial erosion. The moderate-dose group presented with mucosal disruption and inflammatory infiltration, and the high-dose group demonstrated severe ulceration, edema, and mucosal thinning. These findings indicate progressive gastric injury with increasing ciprofloxacin exposure. Ciprofloxacin administration induces dose-dependent gastric mucosal injury in mice, consistent with fluoroquinolone-related gastrointestinal toxicity. Caution is warranted in prolonged or high-dose therapy, and further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and potential gastroprotective interventions.
creator: Lisa Savitri
creator: Kharisul Ihsan
creator: Rochmad Krissanjaya
creator: Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
creator: Novirma Yanti
creator: Mochamad Hanif Hilmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Novirma Yanti, Mochamad Hanif Hilmi
date: 2025-10-24
publication date: 2025-10-24
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 873
ending page: 878
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.873-878

Protective Effects of L-Carnitine on Growth and Cardiac Function in High-Glucose-Exposed Zebrafish Embryos
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, and maternal hyperglycaemia during pregnancy increases the risk of fetal developmental complications. This study aimed to evaluate the protective role of L-carnitine against glucose-induced embryotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fertilized embryos were exposed to 5% glucose with or without L-carnitine supplementation (50 or 100 uM). Developmental outcomes including survival, hatching, malformations, body length, and heart rate were assessed using microscopy and analyzed by ANOVA and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. High glucose significantly reduced survival (hazard ratio = 6.86; p < 0.0001), delayed hatching (median hatching time 84 vs. 60 hpf; HR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.08–0.39; p < 0.0001), and induced growth retardation and bradycardia (p < 0.0001). L-carnitine did not rescue survival or hatching but partially ameliorated growth impairment (p < 0.05) and restored heart rate in a dose-dependent manner, with 100 uM supplementation approaching control values (p < 0.001). Morphological abnormalities such as yolk sac edema and spinal curvature remained present but less severe with co-treatment. In conclusion, L-carnitine confers partial protective effects on growth and cardiac function under hyperglycaemic stress, although it does not prevent early lethality.
creator: Editya Fukata
creator: Anditri Weningtyas
creator: Lintang Widya Sishartami
creator: Nuramaliah Desliani Putri
creator: Putri Kusuma C. G. R. Asfandi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Editya Fukata, Anditri Weningtyas, Lintang Widya Sishartami, Nuramaliah Desliani Putri, Putri Kusuma C. G. R. Asfandi
date: 2025-10-24
publication date: 2025-10-24
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 879
ending page: 885
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.879-885

Prospects of Dwarf Coconut (Cocos nucifera L. var. genjah) as a Cultivar for Coconut Sugar Production in East Lampung
type: item
description: Coconut sugar is emerging as a promising natural sweetener to reduce Indonesia’s dependency on imported refined sugar. Among various coconut cultivars, Cocos nucifera L. var. genjah (dwarf coconut) offers advantages for sap production due to its short trunk, early maturity, and high sugar content. This study aimed to examine the prospects of dwarf coconut as a productive cultivar for coconut sugar development in East Lampung Regency, based on field-level adoption indicators. A total of 41 respondents were selected using Slovin’s formula. Primary data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics, T-tests, and multiple linear regression with SPSS version 27. The findings show that factors such as landholding size, formal education exposure, and income levels significantly (P < 0.05) influence the practical use of dwarf coconut for coconut sugar production. These results highlight the potential of dwarf coconut as a strategic cultivar to support local coconut sugar initiatives in Indonesia.
creator: Lukman Efendi
creator: Analianasari Analianasari
creator: Surfiana Surfiana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lukman Efendi, Analianasari, Surfiana
date: 2025-10-24
publication date: 2025-10-24
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 887
ending page: 896
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.887-896

Isolation, Identification, and Evaluation of Antimicrobial of the LAB from Bekasam: The Traditional Fermented Fish in Indonesia
type: item
description: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are frequently utilized in fermented foods and can incresed shelf life for the products through their secondary metabolites includes carbon dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, lactic acid and bacteriocins. Beside increasing the shelf life, LAB also affect taste, smelt, and texture. Thus, this study aimed to isolate, identify and evaluate antibacterial LAB strains from Indonesian traditional fermented fish (Bekasam). Gram staining, the catalase assay, and motility assays were used to initially characterize the presumed isolates phenotypically following primary isolation on De Man, Rogosa, and Sharper (MRS) agar. 14 isloates were determined to be presumed LAB by preliminary phenotypic testing. One species that has the highest antibacterial activity is confirmed by a 16S rRNA sequencing study. Lactobacillus plantarum CP-134 was identified from the bekasam. In the biochemical characterization all isolates were catalase-negative and non-motile. According to our research, these LAB strains may have applications in fermented foods due to their probiotic properties, which include antibacterial activity. They might be used as natural substitutes for additives and antibiotics, but more in vivo or in silico research is required to verify their potential and effectiveness. A typical traditional food preservation technique for enhancing shelf life, food safety and nutrition and sensory qualities is fermentation. Bekasam is a traditional fermented food from Indonesia.
creator: Nur Rohman
creator: Muhammad Bachrun Alim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Rohman, Muhammad Bachrun Alim
date: 2025-10-24
publication date: 2025-10-24
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 897
ending page: 903
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.897-903

Synthesis, Characterization, and Micellar Behavior of Amphiphilic Chitosan Bearing Sulfate and Anisaldehyde Imine Groups
type: item
description: Amphiphilic chitosan derivatives bearing sulfate and anisaldehyde imine (anisimine) groups were successfully synthesized and characterized for potential applications as functional biomaterials. The synthesis involved two key steps: (1) sulfation of chitosan using chlorosulfonic acid to introduce O-sulfate groups, and (2) Schiff base formation via reaction with p-anisaldehyde to generate N-anisimine functionalities. Structural modifications were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which showed characteristic absorption bands at ~1250 cm-¹ and ~820 cm-¹ corresponding to O=S=O stretching of sulfate, and a C=N stretch at ~1640 cm-¹ indicating imine formation. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra further verified the successful attachment of aromatic protons from p-anisaldehyde and the disappearance of primary amine peaks, confirming imination. The amphiphilic behavior and micelle-forming ability of the N-anisimine-O-sulfated (NAOS) chitosan were evaluated using pyrene as a hydrophobic fluorescent probe for determining the critical micelle concentration (CMC), which was found to be 0.012 mg/mL. The observed low CMC value indicates strong self-assembly capability in aqueous media. These results suggest that NAOS chitosan possesses promising structural and surface-active properties suitable for advanced applications in drug delivery and cosmetic formulations.
creator: Herayati Herayati
creator: Deana Wahyuningrum
creator: Damar Nurwahyu Bima
creator: Indah Puspita Sari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Herayati, Deana Wahyuningrum, Damar Nurwahyu Bima, Indah Puspita Sari
date: 2025-10-24
publication date: 2025-10-24
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 905
ending page: 909
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.905-909

Formulation Of Instant Functional Collagen Drink With Date Seeds Coffee (Phoenix dactylifera) And Spices (Ginger, Cinnamon, Cardamom, Clove) Using The D-Optimal Mixture Design Method
type: item
description: The functional food trend has grown rapidly since the Covid-19 pandemic, including products made from natural ingredients like herbal collagen drinks. This research aims to develop an optimal collagen drink formulation by adding date seed coffee with ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, and cloves as antioxidants to optimize collagen function.Optimization was carried out using the Design Expert-13 device with the optimization response of antioxidant activity (mg TE/100g) and water content (%). The results showed that the optimal formulation consisted ofdate seed coffee 35.57%; hydrolyzed collagen 25%; and spice mixture (ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, cloves) of 39.432% with a desirability value of 0.741.The optimal product was then instantiated using the spray drying method and compared with commercial products without instantiation and collagen addition.The optimal product has an IC50 antioxidant activity of 743.86 ppm and total phenols of 187.23 mg GAE/100g), with a water content of 3.35%, hygroscopicity of 7.76%, bulk density of 0.488 g/mL, and a dissolution time of 23.32 seconds. The results of the hedonic test on the optimal sample as a whole from 100 panelists were “rather likeâ€ to “likeâ€ with an average value of 3.17 with the most preferred attributes being the consistency and aroma of spices.
creator: Mutia Hanifa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mutia Hanifa
date: 2025-10-24
publication date: 2025-10-24
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 911
ending page: 919
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.911-919

siRNAs targeting icaD Gene of Staphylococcus aureus to Inhibit Biofilm Formation: Structural Analysis and Efficacy
type: item
description: Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus infections, especially those involving biofilm formation, is a global health issue. Biofilm protects bacteria from the immune system and antibiotic treatment, making them 10 to 1000 times more resistant. The icaD gene, part of the ica operon, is crucial for biofilm synthesis by enhancing the enzymes responsible for forming the biofilm matrix. The icaD gene sequence of Staphylococcus aureus was obtained from the GenBank NCBI database with the accession code CP140612.1, with a gene sequence length of 306 bp and employed several bioinformatics methods, including siDirect for designing and evaluating effective siRNA sequences to select the most promising candidates. Additionally, siRNA Scales, MaxExpect, Duplex Fold, and siPred were employed to analyze the siRNA sequence length, secondary structure, binding energy, and efficacy predictions of siRNAs targeting the icaD gene. The study found that out of 54 siRNA candidates, siRNA22, siRNA50, and siRNA25 achieved inhibition rates of 93.69%, 92.82%, and 92.52%, respectively. These results bioinformatically demonstrated their potential to suppress the expression of the icaD gene and highlight their promise as siRNA-based antibacterial therapies to combat biofilm-related infections. The designed siRNA computationally shows potential as an innovative therapy to combat biofilm infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
creator: Dinda Ananda Sulistina
creator: Rian Ka Praja
creator: Margaretha Yayu Indah Anugerahny
creator: Hanasia Hanasia
creator: Ysrafil Ysrafil
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dinda Ananda Sulistina, Rian Ka Praja, Margaretha Yayu Indah Anugerahny, Hanasia Hanasia, Ysrafil Ysrafil
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 921
ending page: 926
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.921-926

Application of Alginate-Based Edible Coating with Beeswax Addition on Minimally Processed Pears (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)
type: item
description: Pears, especially after being cut, tended to experience a decline in quality and damage such as enzymatic browning, moisture loss, and texture changes. The application of alginate-based edible coating with the addition of beeswax was one of the innovations that could be applied to minimally processed pears to slow down the rate of deterioration. This study aimed to determine the effect of beeswax concentration in alginate-based edible coating solutions on the freshness of minimally processed pears and to identify the optimal beeswax concentration using the star method. The study was designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in a non-factorial arrangement with the addition of beeswax. The treatments consisted of six levels: BK as the control, B0 (alginate), B2 (alginate + 2% beeswax), B4 (alginate + 4% beeswax), B6 (alginate + 6% beeswax), and B8 (alginate + 8% beeswax), each with four replications. The results showed that the addition of beeswax to the alginate-based edible coating had a significant effect on moisture content, weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids, and color. The best treatment for maintaining pear freshness according to the star method was B4 (4% beeswax), which had a moisture content of 85.66%, weight loss of 1.79%, firmness of 874.63 gf, total soluble solids of 11.28 ËšBrix, and a lightness (L) value of 68.30 on day 12 of storage.
creator: Maftukh Zaina Luthfiyyah
creator: Esa Ghanim Fadhallah
creator: Novita Herdiana
creator: Fibra Nurainy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maftukh Zaina Luthfiyyah, Novita Herdiana, Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Fibra Nurainy
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 927
ending page: 935
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.927-935

The Influence of Strain Type and Female Age on the Receptivity of Female Drosophila melanogaster in Homogamous Crosses
type: item
description: Drosophila melanogaster is a widely used model organism in genetic research due to its short life cycle and the presence of many genes homologous to those found in humans. It plays an important role in studies related to genetic inheritance, gene interaction, sex determination, and developmental genetics. One key aspect of its reproductive biology is female receptivity—the willingness of a female to accept mating—which is influenced by various internal and external factors. External factors include environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, as well as male courtship signals like wing vibrations and chemical cues. Internal factors are mainly related to the female's sexual maturity and mating status. Generally, female receptivity increases with age after eclosion, reaches a peak, and gradually declines. This study investigates the impact of strain type and female age on receptivity in homogamous crosses of D. melanogaster, using two mutant strains: dp (with a wing mutation) and wa (with an eye color mutation). Receptivity was measured by the presence or absence of F1 offspring following crosses between males and females of the same strain, with females tested at different ages ranging from 10 to 60 hours after eclosion. The results indicate that strain type does not have a significant effect on female receptivity. In contrast, female age plays a clear role: individuals aged 30 years and older were more receptive and more likely to produce offspring. No significant interaction was found between strain type and age. These findings suggest that female receptivity in D. melanogaster is more strongly influenced by sexual maturity (as indicated by age) than by genetic differences between strains.
creator: Lisa Savitri
creator: Kharisul Ihsan
creator: Rochmad Krissanjaya
creator: Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 937
ending page: 941
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.937-941

Antibacterial Activity of Bacteriocin from Pediococcus pentosaceus Against Propionibacterium acnes: Molecular Docking, In Vitro, and 16S rRNA Genetic Identification
type: item
description: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria against Propionibacterium acnes through an integrative approach involving molecular docking, in vitro assays, and genetic identification using 16S rRNA sequencing. The target protein PDB 7LBU, representing the cell wall of P. acnes, was docked with Small Bacteriocin obtained from PubChem. The best binding affinity was recorded at –7.5 kcal/mol, indicating a stable interaction, supported by cavity analysis and ligand–protein interaction mapping using PyMOL. The results of the in vitro study, as determined by antibacterial activity testing against P. acnes, showed an average inhibition zone of 20.6 mm. In addition, genetic identification through BLAST confirmed the isolate as Pediococcus pentosaceus strain DSM 20336 with a similarity of 99.64%. These findings indicate that the bacteriocin derived from P. pentosaceus has promising potential as a natural agent in the development of alternative therapies for acne.
creator: Adhitya Naufal Pribadhi
creator: Penggalih Mahardika Herlambang
creator: Ellyka Purwaningrum
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Adhitya Naufal Pribadhi, Penggalih Mahardika Herlambang, Ellyka Purwaningrum
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 943
ending page: 949
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.943-949

Evaluation of Forest Honey on the Proliferation and Migration of Dermal Fibroblasts under Hyperglycemic Conditions: An In Vitro Study
type: item
description: This study aims to evaluate the effect of forest honey on fibroblast proliferation and migration under hyperglycemic conditions in vitro. The research method involved culturing primary fibroblasts in high-glucose DMEM (25 mM) and dividing them into five groups: standard control (standard medium), hyperglycemia control (high-glucose medium without treatment), 3% honey, 1.5% honey, and 0.75% honey. Proliferation was assessed by counting live cells (Trypan Blue staining/hemocytometer) at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Migration was measured using a scratch assay (0, 24, 48, 72 hours) and analyzed with ImageJ. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used for normality; data were analyzed with ANOVA followed by LSD or Kruskal–Wallis (p<0.05). Results showed that hyperglycemia decreased proliferation compared to the standard control. Treatment with 1.5% honey and 0.75% honey consistently increased proliferation compared to the hyperglycemic control at all time points (p<0.05), while 3% honey showed a relatively lower increase. The standard control group achieved 100% closure at 72 hours in the migration variable. The honey groups (0.75–3%) showed an increase compared to the hyperglycemic control, but the difference was not significant at 24–48 hours and approached significance at 72 hours (p=0.057). In conclusion, forest honey at a concentration of 1.5% can increase fibroblast proliferation in a hyperglycemic environment. The effect on migration requires confirmation with osmolality controls and more sensitive endpoints. These findings provide a biological basis for developing honey-based diabetic wound care adjuvants focusing on dose optimization and formulation standardization.
creator: Januar Rizqi
creator: Denny Agustiningsih
creator: Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Januar Rizqi, Denny Agustiningsih, Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 951
ending page: 955
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.951-955

The Relationship Between Total IgE, Symptom Duration, VAS Scores, and Danyoung Classification in Allergic Rhinitis
type: item
description: Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa triggered by allergies, with total IgE often used as a biomarker to assess disease severity. Objective: To analyze the relationship between total IgE levels, symptom duration, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores, and Danyoung Classification in AR patients. Methods: A cross-sectional observational analytical study was conducted on 73 patients at the Allergy-Immunology Clinic of Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital. Total IgE levels were measured using the ELISA method, while VAS and nasal mucosa classification were assessed through anamnesis and nasoendoscopy. Results: The study showed68.5% of patients had IgE levels above 100 IU/ml, with an average of 982.97 IU/ml. Although higher IgE levels were often found in AR patients, there was no statistically significant correlation between IgE levels and Danyoung classification (significance value 0.924). The correlation test showed a coefficient of -0.11, indicating a negative correlation, but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The nasal mucosa condition in patients with high IgE levels does not always reflect severe inflammation. In addition to IgE levels, external factors such as exposure to pollutants and cigarette smoke also play a role in the condition of the nasal mucosa. Therefore, while high IgE levels often indicate allergic reactions, this study found no significant relationship between IgE levels and AR severity.
creator: Ayunita Tri Wirattami
creator: Tanti Agustina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ayunita Tri Wirattami, Tanti Agustina
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 957
ending page: 960
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.957-960

Effect of PEG and CMC on Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Extract Against Aedes aegypti Larvae
type: item
description: Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases are still high in America and Asia region, including Indonesia. Eradication of DHF can be done by larvacide. Temephos 1%, chemical larvacide used in Indonesia for decades, can cause environment degradation and allergic reaction in human. Papaya stem extract as biolarvacide contains saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, papain and essential oils which have larvicidal activity. It can be applicable in all over the world. This study was conducted to determine the better suspending agent between CMC or PEG of papaya stem extract to kill Aedes aegypti larvae. Objective: To determine the better suspending agent to kill Aedes aegypti larvae. Method: This study was true experimental study in laboratory, used post-test only controlled group design. This study used samples consist of Aedes aegypti instar III-IV larvae. There were seven experimental groups, consist of positive control group, negative control group for CMC, negative control group for PEG, extract concentration of 1.5% with CMC suspending agent, extract concentration of 1.5% with PEG suspending agent, extract concentration of 2% with CMC suspending agent, extract concentration of 2% with PEG suspending agent. Each group was repeated 4 times and counted every 6 hours (6th, 12th, 18th, 24th). Data analysis using the SPSS application ver 23. Probit test used to determine the effectiveness of the larvacide, LC50 and LT50 to determine the concentration and time to kill 50% of Aedes aegypti larvae. It used Kruskal Wallis Test to compare four dependent groups. It used Mann Whitney Test to compare the differences of each group. Result: The study showed that LC50 PEG was 0.033%, LC50 CMC was 0.321%, LT50 (PEG+1.5%) was 20.8 hours, LT50 (PEG+2%) was 30.7 hours, LT50 (CMC+1.5%) was 23.5 hours, LT50 (CMC+2%) was 40.7 hours. Based on the probit test, the LC50 and LT50 results showed that papaya stem methanol extract with PEG suspending agent was more effective than CMC suspending age…
creator: Rochmadina Suci Bestari
creator: Fidhia Nur Rif'aini
creator: Riandini Aisyah
creator: Listiana Masyita Dewi
creator: Devi Usdiana Rosyidah
creator: Retno Sintowati
creator: Hidayah Karuniawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rochmadina Suci Bestari, Fidhia Nur Rif'aini, Riandini Aisyah, Listiana Masyita Dewi, Devi Usdiana Rosyidah, Retno Sintowati, Hidayah Karuniawati
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 961
ending page: 968
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.961-968

Detection of The p53 Gene in Formalin Fixed Tissue Archives by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Method
type: item
description: Formalin fixed tissue archives are tissue biopsy results stored in formaldehyde fixative solution for a long time. The p53 gene is one of the genes that suppresses tumor occurrence and maintains genomic stability to prevent cell mutation and plays a role in the DNA regulation cycle and controls cell proliferation. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a nucleic acid amplification technique used to denature and denature DNA or RNA using polymerase enzymes to detect the presence of the p53 gene in formalin-fixed tissue archival samples. This study aimed to detect the presence of the p53 gene in formalin-fixed tissue samples. This study used a descriptive research method with a random sampling technique conducted in the anatomical pathology laboratory and the National College of Health Sciences molecular biology laboratory. The samples in this study consisted of 10 samples consisting of 2 normal tissues used as controls and 8 formalin-fixed tissue samples. In this study, the p53 gene was detected in all samples, both normal tissue samples and formalin-fixed tissue samples after electrophoresis and visualized according to the target of 666 bp (base pair). The presence of the p53 gene qualitatively from DNA isolates can still be detected, but the gene expression level cannot be known in this study.
creator: Anastasia Elma Wijayanti
creator: Fitria Diniah Janah Sayekti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anastasia Elma Wijayanti, Fitria Diniah Janah Sayekti
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 969
ending page: 975
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.969-975

Academic Stress and Blood Glucose Levels: A Correlational Study Among Medical Laboratory Technology Students
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, often influenced by various physiological and psychological factors. One such factor is stress, particularly academic stress among university students. This study aims to explore the potential correlation between academic stress levels and random blood glucose levels among Medical Laboratory Technology (D.IV) students at Kadiri University. A cross-sectional, quantitative approach was used in this study. A total of 28 eligible students participated. Academic stress levels were assessed using the Perceived Sources of Academic Stress (PSAS) questionnaire, while random blood glucose levels were measured using spectrophotometric methods with glucose GOD FS reagents. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test to determine the relationship between the two variables. The majority of students experienced moderate academic stress (71.43%), while the rest (28.57%) experienced high stress. No students reported low stress levels. Regarding blood glucose, 53.57% of participants had normal levels, and 46.43% had elevated levels. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.045 with a p-value of 0.819, indicating no statistically significant relationship between academic stress levels and blood glucose levels. Regression analysis also confirmed that while there was a slight positive trend (suggesting that higher stress may slightly raise glucose levels), the effect was negligible and not statistically significant. This study found no significant correlation between academic stress and random blood glucose levels among Medical Laboratory Technology students. Although stress may contribute to changes in glucose levels through hormonal mechanisms, other factors—such as diet, physical activity, and individual coping strategies—likely play a more substantial role. Interventions focusing on stress management, healthy lifestyle habits, and regular health monitoring are recommended to …
creator: Lisa Savitri
creator: Mochamad Hanif Hilmi
creator: Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
creator: Rochmad Krissanjaya
creator: Kharisul Ihsan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Mochamad Hanif Hilmi, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Kharisul Ihsan
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 977
ending page: 981
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.977-981

Molecular Identification of Lepidopteran Predators of Coccidae on Coffee Plants (Coffea canephora) in Sigi Regency
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the species of Lepidopteran predators that prey on soft scale insects (Coccidae) found on coffee plants in Sigi Regency using molecular techniques. DNA was extracted using the modified CTAB method (Doyle & Doyle, 1990). PCR amplification targeted the COI gene using universal primers LCO1490 and HCO2198 with a GeneAmp PCR System 9700. Visualization was done using 1% agarose gel and UV-transilluminator. Sequencing was conducted externally. Data were analyzed using BioEdit 7.2.5, BLAST, BOLD Systems, and MEGA11 software. The DNA sequence of the predator sample showed 97.91% similarity to Autoba rubra based on GenBank and 97.59% in BOLD Systems. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed a close genetic relationship with A. rubra, distinct from Eublemma. Morphological similarities with Eublemma were misleading, highlighting the accuracy of molecular identification. This study is the first to confirm the identity of a Lepidopteran predator of coffee scale insects in Indonesia using molecular techniques, revealing its close relation to Autoba rubra. The results correct previous morphological misidentifications and contribute new data on predator diversity in biological control contexts.
creator: I Made Budiarsa
creator: Manap Trianto
creator: Bahana Aditya Adnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, Bahana Aditya Adnan
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 983
ending page: 992
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.983-992

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Peptide Fractions of Morinda lucida and Alstonia boonei and Protective Effects against Lead-induced Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster
type: item
description: Morinda lucida and Alstonia boonei are widely used in ethnomedicine for treating and managing various ailments and have been validated for several biological activities. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of partially purified peptide fractions of Morinda lucida (MLP) and Alstonia boonei (ABP) and their protective effect against lead (Pb)-induced toxicity on wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. Peptide fractions were partially purified using solid phase extraction and evaluated for antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhyhdrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed via protein denaturation and membrane stabilisation assays. Flies were treated with Pb (10 mM), peptide fractions (50 and 100 µg/10g diet), and co-treatment of Pb plus the fractions. After treatment, homogenized flies were analysed for total thiol (TSH) and non-protein thiol (NPSH) content, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, nitric oxide (NO) (nitrite/nitrate) and hydroperoxide levels. The peptide fractions showed significant in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Both fractions (50 and 100 µg/10g diet) maintained a balanced redox status of flies. Pb exposure reduced survival rates and increased oxidative stress markers compared to control untreated flies. Co-treatment with MLP and ABP (50 and 100 µg/10g diet) improved antioxidant enzyme activities (GST, NPSH and Total thiol) and accumulation of NO and hydroperoxide in Pb-treated flies. Therefore, the peptide fractions from M. lucida and A. boonei may be sources of bioactive agents with therapeutic potential against oxidative stress and inflammation associated with lead toxicity.
creator: Zainab Abiodun Molik
creator: Amos Olalekan Abolaji
creator: Omonike Oluyemisi Ogbole
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab Abiodun Molik, Amos Olalekan Abolaji, Omonike Oluyemisi Ogbole
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 993
ending page: 1007
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.993-1007

Antipyretic Activity of Stembark Extract of Mammea africana in Rats
type: item
description: Mammea africana Sabine (Guttiferae), is a tree plant whose parts are variously used locally for the treatment of various diseases such as malaria and fever among others. The stembark extract of M. africana (30 -90 mg/kg) was investigated for antipyretic activity in rats using different experimental models; amphetamine, dinitrophenol and yeast-induced pyrexia. The extract exerted prominent inhibition of pyrexia on amphetamine, dinitrophenol and yeast -induced pyrexia. Inhibition was significant (p<0.05–0.001) from 3 to 5 h post- administration of extract and in a dose-dependent fashion. The antipyretic effects of this plant may in part be mediated through the chemical constituents of the plant. The results of this investigation validate the ethnomedical uses of this plant in the treatment of febrile conditions.
creator: Jude E. Okokon
creator: Chinyelu C. Osigwe
creator: John A Udobang
creator: Uwaeme Ugonma Florence
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jude E. Okokon, Chinyelu C. Osigwe, John A Udobang, Uwaeme Ugonma Florence
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1009
ending page: 1013
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1009-1013

Onychomycosis in Students: An Overview of Nail Care Practices and Personal Hygiene
type: item
description: Onychomycosis is a common nail disorder caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte molds, with increasing prevalence among young adults. Poor nail care and personal hygiene habits are essential predisposing factors that contribute to infection. Despite its clinical relevance, data on onychomycosis in student populations remain limited. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Health Sciences, aged 18–25 years. Nail specimens were collected from individuals presenting with suspected onychomycosis. Direct microscopy was performed using a 20% potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation, and samples were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar supplemented with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Fungal isolates were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Sociodemographic data, nail care habits, and hygiene practices were collected through structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed descriptively, and associations were assessed using chi-square tests. Onychomycosis was confirmed in 27 students (18%). Dermatophytes were the most frequent isolates, with Trichophyton rubrum (9%) and T. mentagrophytes (5%) predominating, followed by Candida albicans (3%) and Aspergillus spp. (1%). Risk factors significantly associated with infection included irregular nail trimming (p = 0.01), sharing of nail clippers (p = 0.03), and prolonged use of closed footwear (p = 0.02). No significant associations were observed with gender or age. Onychomycosis is prevalent among university students, with dermatophytes as the leading causative agents. Inadequate nail care and poor hygiene practices play a critical role in the occurrence of diseases. Health education and preventive interventions should be prioritized to reduce infection rates in young adults. Further studies employing molecular methods are recommended to refine species identification and improve epidemiological insights.
creator: Lisa Savitri
creator: Kharisul Ihsan
creator: Rochmad Krissanjaya
creator: Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
creator: Novirma Yanti
creator: Mochamad Hanif Hilmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Novirma Yanti, Mochamad Hanif Hilmi
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1015
ending page: 1019
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1015-1019

Formula Optimization and Sensory Analysis of Functional Collagen Drink from Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) and Red Guava (Psidium guajava L.)
type: item
description: The global market for functional beverages is experiencing rapid growth as consumer awareness for healthy lifestyles increases. The objective of this study is to ascertain the physical characteristics, optimal formula, and organoleptic quality of functional collagen beverages derived from a blend of bayang flower (Clitoria ternatea L.), red guava (Psidium guajava L.), and emprit ginger. In this study, an extreme vertex design was employed in conjunction with Minitab 19 to extract the materials. The extraction process was carried out using the following methods: telang flowers were subjected to a drying process at 40°C for 24 hours, followed by extraction with water at 60°C for 30 minutes; ginger emprit was dried at 60°C for 24 hours and then extracted at 55°C for 15 minutes; and red guava was blended with water at a 1:1 ratio. The total phenolic content was analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while antioxidant activity was evaluated through the use of the DPPH method. Finally, sensory evaluation was conducted employing a hedonic test, which was completed by 100 untrained panelists. The optimal formula obtained was 50% telang flower extract, 30% red guava juice, 15% ginger emprit extract, and 5% collagen hydrolysate (desirability value 0.8288), resulting in antioxidant activity of 316.45 mg TE/100 ml and total phenolic content of 247.33 mg GAE/L. The sensory evaluation revealed that the subject demonstrated moderate acceptance, as indicated by an average preference score of 3.51. The combination of bay flower extract and guava juice exhibited a synergistic effect in enhancing antioxidant activity, while guava juice contributed significantly to the total phenolic content. Notwithstanding the favorable reception, the robust ginger flavor, elevated viscosity, diminished clarity, and textural characteristics.
creator: Anjar Asmarani Widya Nabilah
creator: Ela Marcelia
creator: Tri Dewanti Widyaningsih
creator: Kiki Fibrianto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anjar Asmarani Widya Nabilah, Ela Marcelia, Tri Dewanti Widyaningsih, Kiki Fibrianto
date: 2025-11-13
publication date: 2025-11-13
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1021
ending page: 1028
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1021-1028

Intraosseous Capillary Hemangioma of the Nasal Dorsum in an Adolescent
type: item
description: Hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor that commonly occurs in children, but its presentation on the nasal dorsum is rare, especially among adolescents. This case report describes a 16-year-old male patient with a progressively enlarging, painful nasal mass over seven months. Clinical workup including CT-scan, angiography, and FNAB revealed a vascular lesion suggestive of hemangioma. The patient underwent pre-operative embolization followed by surgical excision. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations confirmed the diagnosis of intraosseous capillary hemangioma. Postoperative follow-up showed good aesthetic and functional outcomes with no recurrence. This report highlights the importance of comprehensive diagnostic and surgical approaches for managing rare hemangioma of the nasal dorsum to minimize complications and preserve facial structure.
creator: Soehartono Soehartono
creator: Rizky Afianti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Soehartono, Rizky Afianti
date: 2025-11-13
publication date: 2025-11-13
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1029
ending page: 1031
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1029-1031

Potential of Fig Fruit Ethanol Extract (Ficus carica L.) Against Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL Bacteria
type: item
description: Ficus carica L. commonly known as figs originate from West Asia and have bioactive components with antibacterial properties. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of fig ethanol extract in inhibiting the growth of MDR Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL bacteria, to determine the MIC and MBC values, and the types of compounds contained in fig ethanol extract. The method began with fig extraction using concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% with 4 repetitions, testing MIC and MBC using the liquid dilution method, TLC-Bioautography test with ethyl acetate: methanol: aquades (7: 2: 1) eluent. The results showed that fig fruit extract had an inhibition zone with an average value of 3.30 mm at a concentration of 100% which was still in the weak category, the MIC value of Staphylococcus aureus MRSA bacteria was a concentration of 100% and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL bacteria was a concentration of 80%. The MBC value of MDR bacteria was not obtained because there was still bacterial growth. The results of the TLC-bioautography test of ethanol extract of fig fruit (Ficus carica L.) can inhibit bacterial growth indicated by the presence of a clear zone with an Rf value of 0.5 cm (unidentified), 0.31 cm (Flavonoid), 0.2 cm (Phenol). The compounds that act as antibacterials against Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL bacteria are the flavonoid and phenol groups.
creator: Enmia Septia Padang
creator: Rini Hafzari
creator: Endang Sulistyarini Gultom
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Enmia Septia Padang, Rini Hafzari, Endang Sulistyarini Gultom
date: 2025-11-17
publication date: 2025-11-17
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1033
ending page: 1038
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1033-1038

Green Extraction of Corn Silk Flavonoids Using NADES-UAE: Optimizing Conditions for Agricultural Waste Valorization
type: item
description: Corn silk (of Zea mays L.) is an agricultural waste that has not been optimally utilized, even though it is known to contain flavonoid compounds with various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. The flavonoid compounds in corn silk have the potential to be developed as natural raw materials for applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. However, the extraction process for these active compounds often still uses organic solvents like methanol, which are toxic, flammable, and have negative impacts on health and the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) method using a more environmentally friendly alternative solvent, namely Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES). The study was conducted in two main stages: selection of the best NADES composition and molar ratio from combinations of choline chloride with urea, glycerol, lactic acid, and malic acid; and optimization of UAE parameters including ultrasonic power, time, and temperature using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) model. The determination of total flavonoid content was performed using the colorimetric method with AlCl? reagent and quercetin standard, and the measurements were taken using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the NADES combination of choline chloride:urea (1:2) with the addition of 30% aquades produced the highest flavonoid content compared to 80% methanol solvent. The optimal conditions for UAE extraction were obtained at 100 % ultrasonic power, 30 minutes of extraction time, and a temperature of 70°C, resulting in a total flavonoid content yield of 96.02 ± 0.48 mgQE/g of corn silk powder. This study concluded that the combination of NADES and UAE method can significantly enhance the extraction yield of total flavonoids while also providing a more sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for the utilization of a…
creator: Anak Agung Sagung Intan Kwanira Gayatri
creator: Anak Agung Gede Rai Yadnya Putra
creator: Putu Oka Samirana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anak Agung Sagung Intan Kwanira Gayatri, Anak Agung Gede Rai Yadnya Putra, Putu Oka Samirana
date: 2025-11-17
publication date: 2025-11-17
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1039
ending page: 1045
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1039-1045

Actinomycetes from Plant Rhizosphere in Gorontalo Karst Area as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
type: item
description: This study aimed to describe Actinomycetes from the rhizosphere of plants in the Gorontalo karst area as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). The research method is based on a quantitative descriptive method. Soil samples from the rhizosphere were collected using a purposive sampling technique from 8 plant species at two locations in the Gorontalo karst region, namely the Tanjung Kramat Hills. The characteristics of PGPR in this study focused on phosphate solubilization ability, Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) production, antagonism against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, and tolerance to fungicides. Potential PGPR isolates were analyzed for phylogenetic relationships based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The results showed that there were 6 actinomycetes isolates (RzHKC-01, RzKO-02, RzO-03, RzAK-04, RzPK-05, and RzOC-06) from 8 plant species in the Gorontalo karst region. One actinomycetes isolate, RzPK-05, showed potential as a PGPR with the ability to solubilize phosphate and produce IAA at 0.165 mg/L and 0.133 mg/L, respectively. Isolate RzPK-05 exhibited antagonistic properties against Fusarium oxysporum with an inhibition rate of 82.24% and was tolerant to fungicides such as Captive, Benlate, and Thiramo up to a concentration of 100 mg/L. Molecular analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic tree reconstruction indicated that the RzPK-05 isolate is closely related to the genus Streptomyces with 100% similarity.
creator: Citra Leonita Matalauni
creator: Yuliana Retnowati
creator: Abubakar Sidik Katili
creator: Novri Youla Kandowangko
creator: Ani M. Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Citra Leonita Matalauni, Yuliana Retnowati, Abubakar Sidik Katili, Novri Youla Kandowangko, Ani M. Hasan
date: 2025-11-18
publication date: 2025-11-18
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1047
ending page: 1053
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1047-1053

In silico and Histochemical Analysis of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata) Against Alpha Estrogen Receptor
type: item
description: Soursop leaves (Annona muricata) are known as a plant that has the potential to treat breast cancer, which has a high mortality rate in women in Indonesia. The receptor that plays the most important role in breast cancer development is the Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERa). This study aims to identify active compounds in soursop leaves that have the potential to inhibit breast cancer cell growth through in silico analysis using molecular docking of the ER? receptor using KNApSAck, PASS Online, PubChem, PDB ID, PyRx, and Discovery Studio software and Histochemical analysis was performed using fresh soursop leaves by making an incision on the lower part of the leaf and adding reagents AlCl, FeCl, Na2CO, CuSO4, glycerin, Wagner reagent, immersion oil, and ethanol, then observed microscopically. The in silico results showed the presence of specific compounds from soursop leaves and one reference compound (OHT600). Cis-Solamin had the highest binding affinity (-9.3 kcal/mol), better than the native ligand (-7.6 kcal/mol), and interacted with the amino acid Glutamine 532 (GLU532). Histochemical analysis showed the content of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and alkaloids, accompanied by color changes in trichome and stomatal tissues. Based on the research data, it was concluded that soursop leaves can inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells through the content of secondary metabolites that actively inhibit Er? receptors.
creator: Afidah Fajar Nuari
creator: Gatra Ervi Jayanti
creator: Majida Ramadhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Afidah Fajar Nuari, Gatra Ervi Jayanti, Majida Ramadhan
date: 2025-11-26
publication date: 2025-11-26
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1055
ending page: 1068
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1055-1068

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Dyera polyphylla (Miq) Steenis Extract Using the DPPH Method
type: item
description: This research aimed to determine the chemical profile and antioxidant activity of the jelutung rawa plant (Dyera polyphylla). Phytochemical screening tests were conducted using specific reagents, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Determination of antioxidant activity was performed the DPPH method. The research results showed the presence of secondary metabolite compounds, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids in the leaves, while the contain alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids. The antioxidant activity in this plant has been identified as a strong natural antioxidant.
creator: Putri Dharma Monika
creator: Rini Muharini
creator: Eni Mayasari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Dharma Monika, Rini Muharini, Eni Mayasari
date: 2025-11-26
publication date: 2025-11-26
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1069
ending page: 1076
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1069-1076

Application of Edible Coating Water Soluble Based Chitosan Nanoparticles and Polyvinyl Alcohol in Strawberry (Fragaria Ananassa) Storage
type: item
description: Strawberries (Fragaria ananassa) are highly sought after for their vibrant color and unique flavor. However, their high perishability and rapid quality degradation lead to significant post-harvest losses and a decrease in market value. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an edible coating based on WSC nanoparticles and PVA on the quality characteristics of strawberries during storage. The research methodology included the synthesis of WSC nanoparticles, preparation of the coating solution, application to strawberries, and subsequent storage. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a single-factor arrangement was utilized, comprising five PVA concentrations (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) with three replications. The results demonstrated that the application of the nanoparticle WSC-PVA-based edible coating effectively reduced weight loss and delayed physical deterioration. Increasing PVA concentrations led to a more effective preservation of total soluble solids (°Brix), a lower weight loss percentage, and a slower decline in vitamin C content. Higher PVA concentrations were found to reduce the rate of quality degradation and moisture loss. The coating formulation containing 4% PVA (P3) exhibited the best performance, maintaining a water content of 92.24%, total soluble solids of 2 °Brix, a pH of 4.3, a weight loss of 30%, and a vitamin C retention rate of 9.02%. The findings of this study offer a valuable solution for farmers to mitigate strawberry quality decline and provide new insights for future research on food preservation.
creator: Likia Salsa Billa
creator: Yunita Rachmawati
creator: Titis Kusumaninghayu
creator: Pandu Lintang Nugroho
creator: Angela Merici Pusparani
creator: Esa Ghanim Fadhallah
creator: Diki Danar Tri Winanti
creator: Madi Hartono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Likia Salsa Billa, Yunita Rachmawati, Titis Kusumaninghayu, Pandu Lintang Nugroho, Angela Merici Pusparani, Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Diki Danar Tri Winanti, Madi Hartono
date: 2025-11-27
publication date: 2025-11-27
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1077
ending page: 1083
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1077-1083

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Methanol Extract of Gletang Flower (Tridax procumbens)
type: item
description: In a previous study, the methanol extract of Tridax procumbens flowers (commonly known as gletang) at high concentrations was reported to exhibit strong antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. This study aimed to examine the secondary metabolite content, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of gletang flowers. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using two methods, namely DPPH and ABTS assays. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer method at concentrations of 1000, 5000, and 10000 ppm against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis. Phytochemical screening revealed that the methanol extract of gletang flowers contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The antioxidant activity tests showed very strong activity in both DPPH and ABTS assays, with IC50 values of 6.8478 ± 1.335 and 12.8608 ± 0.579 ppm, respectively. The antibacterial activity tests showed that the methanol extract of gletang flowers exhibited strong activity against E. faecalis at concentrations of 5000 and 10000 ppm, with inhibition zone diameters of 3.00 ± 0.14 and 3.20 ± 0.14 mm, respectively.
creator: Boima Situmeang
creator: Weny JA Musa
creator: Nurhayati Bialangi
creator: Sriwijayanti Sriwijayanti
creator: Holisha Widiyanto
creator: Dian Susvira
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Boima Situmeang, Weny JA Musa, Nurhayati Bialangi, Sriwijayanti, Holisha Widiyanto, Dian Susvira
date: 2025-11-27
publication date: 2025-11-27
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1085
ending page: 1090
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1085-1090

Therapeutic Effect of Topical Ointment Ethanol Extract From Patiwala Leaves (Lantana camara) on Histological Profile of Incision Wounds in Diabetic Rat Models
type: item
description: Diabetic wounds are one of the neurovascular complications of diabetes. Hyperglycemia complicates the healing of diabetic wounds, which are susceptible to infection and chronic inflammation. Topical treatment using herbal extracts aims to reduce the side effects of surrounding tissue damage. A topical ointment made from ethanol extract of Patiwala (Lantana camara) leaves, which has been tested for product quality, has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects that has been proven to help accelerate the healing of diabetic wounds in rats through parameters such as reduced wound diameter, changes in the number of fibroblast cells, and collagen fiber formation seen in the histological profile during 21 days of therapy with a concentration of 15% (p>0.05) compared to the positive control of 10% betadine.
creator: Theosobia Grace Orno
creator: Anita Rosanty
creator: Ratih Feraritra Danu Atmaja
creator: Zulfikar Ali Hasan
creator: Tuty Yuniarty
creator: Ahmat Rediansya Putra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Theosobia Grace Orno, Anita Rosanty, Ratih Feraritra Danu Atmaja, Zulfikar Ali Hasan, Tuty Yuniarty, Ahmat Rediansya Putra
date: 2025-11-27
publication date: 2025-11-27
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1091
ending page: 1097
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1091-1097

Toddler Massage as a Supplementary Intervention in Overcoming Stunting in Children: Research from Stunting Locus Area in Gorontalo City
type: item
description: Stunting defined as impaired linear growth resulting in a child’s height falling below the age-appropriate standard, remains a pressing global health concern due to its long-term implications on development and increased risk of mortality. In Gorontalo Province, Indonesia, the prevalence of stunting exceeds the national target of 23.8%, with North Gorontalo Regency reporting the highest rate at 29.3%. This study aimed to examine the effect of toddler massage on weight gain among stunted children. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group approach was employed, involving 32 stunted toddlers selected through purposive sampling. Participants were equally allocated into an intervention group (n=16), which received toddler massage based on standard operating procedures, and a control group (n=16), which did not receive the intervention. Body weight was measured using digital scales. The results of the paired t-test revealed a statistically significant weight gain in the intervention group (p = 0.00), whereas no significant difference was observed in the control group (p = 0.164). The findings indicate that toddler massage may contribute to weight improvement in stunted children and could be considered a supportive non-pharmacological intervention in stunting management programs.
creator: Fatmah Zakaria
creator: Sri Mulyaningsih
creator: Dwi Nur Octaviani Katili
creator: Rizky Nikmathulhusna Ali
creator: Mohamad Rodi Isa
creator: Herbawati Herbawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Mulyaningsih, Dwi Nur Octaviani Katili, Rizky Nikmathulhusna Ali, Mohamad Rodi Isa, Herbawati Herbawati
date: 2025-11-27
publication date: 2025-11-27
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1099
ending page: 1103
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1099-1103

Computational Insights into the Comparative Analysis of Insulin- like Compounds in Bitter Melon: Targeting GSK-3 Protein and Insulin Receptor
type: item
description: Diabetes, a rapidly escalating global health challenge, is defined by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Current treatment options often fall short due to side effects and limited efficacy in addressing long-term complications, underscoring the urgent need for safer, more effective alternatives. This study delves into the potential of insulin-like compounds derived from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) to combat diabetes by targeting two pivotal proteins: glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and insulin receptors. These proteins are crucial for glucose regulation and insulin signaling, making them key targets for blood sugar control. Through computational molecular docking, we evaluated the binding affinities and inhibition potentials of key bitter melon compounds, including Charantin and Vicine. Molecular structures were sourced from the PubChem database and optimized using density functional theory (B3LYP functional, 6-311G++ (d, p) basis set) with Gaussian-09 software. Structural data for GSK-3 (PDB ID: 1Q5K) and insulin receptors (PDB ID: 1IR3) were retrieved from the Protein Data Bank, and docking studies were conducted using the Lamarckian genetic algorithm in AutoDock 4.2. Protein-ligand interactions, bond lengths, and amino acid residues in binding pockets were analyzed with Discovery Studio, while ADMET profiles and toxicity levels were predicted using pkCSM and ProTox-II.Charantin demonstrated the highest binding affinity and inhibition potential against both GSK-3 and insulin receptors. Toxicity analysis revealed that Charantin, classified under toxicity class 6, is safer than Vicine (class 4), with a higher LD50 value indicating lower toxicity. These findings position Charantin as a promising multi-target anti-diabetic agent with significant efficacy and minimal side effects. This research paves the way for developing novel, safer anti-diabetic medications derived from natural sources, offer…
creator: Fernando Nalini Prasangika
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fernando Nalini Prasangika
date: 2025-11-27
publication date: 2025-11-27
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1105
ending page: 1110
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1105-1110

Analysis of Influencing Factors on The Provision of Birth Control Equipment and Materials at The Lahomi Non-Inpatient Health Center Unit, West Nias Regency
type: item
description: The quality and access to family planning services demands a paradigm shift, especially among service providers, which in this case are Bapermas and KB. That is why service must be carried out on the basis of volunteerism, openness, and honesty. One of the service providers that is still questionable about the quality of its services is the Community Empowerment, Women and Family Planning Agency. The implementation of the provision of kb tools and materials has not been carried out properly and correctly. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors of influence on the provision of birth control equipment and materials at the UPT Non-Inpatient Health Center Lahomi, West Nias Regency. The type of research used was quantitative analytics. Dessay research is a cross-sectional study. The sampling technique in this study was the total population, namely the entire population was used as a research sample, then the number of samples in the study was 170 employees. The results of the study explained that there was an influence between supervision, direction, control, supervision and budgeting on the provider of birth control equipment and materials in Lahomi Health Center, Nias Regency. West. It is hoped that with this research, Lahomi Health Center will improve the quality of services, especially in the provision of birth control tools and materials.
creator: Sri Lestari Nasution
creator: Dermawati Laia
creator: Ermi Girsang
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Lestari Nasution, Dermawati Laia, Ermi Girsang
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1111
ending page: 1119
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1111-1119

https://mail.sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/1103
type: item
title: Soybean Plant Growth and Production Response (Glycine max (L.) Merril) to the Application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (Poc) Apu – Apu (Pistia stratiotes L.) Plant and Various Soil Reformers on Ultisol Soil Media
description: This study aimed to evaluate the growth and yield responses of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) to the application of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) derived from apu-apu (Pistia stratiotes L.) and various soil conditioners on Ultisol soil. The research was carried out from September to December 2020 at the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Medan Area, located at an altitude of 22 masl with flat topography, Ultisol soil characteristics, and a soil pH of 4.94. The experimens used a randomized block design with two factors: (1) concensrations of apu-apu LOF (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% per liter of water) and (2) types of soil conditioners (no conditioner, rice-husk biochar, Mucuna bracteata green manure, and human-hair organic amendmens at 50 g per polybag). Observed parameters included plans height, number of branches, flowering age, number of bunches per plans and per plot, number of pods per plans and per plot, seed weight per plans and per plot, and 100-seed dry weight. The results showed that the application of LOF from apu-apu significansly increased several agronomic and yield componenss, namely number of branches at 6 WAP, number of bunches per plans and per plot, number of pods per plans and per plot, seed weight per plans and per plot, and 100-seed dry weight. Meanwhile, the application of differens soil conditioners produced highly significans effects on plans height at 4–6 WAP, number of pods per plant and per plot, seed weight per plans and per plot, and 100-seed dry weight, although it did not significansly affect the number of branches or number of bunches. Overall, the combination of LOF and soil conditioners improved soybean growth and productivity in Ultisol soil conditions.
creator: Ellen Lumisar Panggabean
creator: Azwana Azwana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ellen Lumisar Panggabean, Azwana
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1121
ending page: 1127
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1121-1127

Beneficial Effect of Sumbawa Wild Horse Milk Yogurt on Lipid Profile and Cardiovascular Risk in Rats on a High-Cholesterol Diet
type: item
description: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in Indonesia, with a high prevalence due to a high-cholesterol diet that triggers hypercholesterolemia. The use of statins as a long-term pharmacological therapy often causes side effects, so safe natural alternatives are needed. Sumbawa wild horse milk is a potential functional food source that contains essential fatty acids and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which have probiotic potential. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Sumbawa wild horse milk yogurt on total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Atherogenic Index (AI), and Cardiac Risk Ratio (CRR) levels in hypercholesterolemic male Wistar rats. A total of 30 rats were divided into six groups: normal, positive control (high-cholesterol diet), negative control (simvastatin), and three treatment groups, T1, T2, and T3, with doses of Sumbawa wild horse milk yogurt of 2, 3, and 4 ml/day, respectively, for 28 days. The results showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol levels (p = 0.006), with the lowest levels observed in the T3 treatment group (95.25 ± 20.17 mg/dL). Although HDL, LDL, IA, and CRR levels did not show significant differences (p > 0.05), a trend of improvement in lipid profiles was observed in the treatment group, characterized by an increase in HDL and a decrease in LDL, AI, and CRR compared to the positive control. The mechanism of cholesterol reduction is thought to be mediated through the activity of LAB, which assimilates cholesterol, facilitates bile acid deconjugation, and produces short-chain fatty acids that inhibit cholesterol absorption. Thus, Sumbawa wild horse milk yogurt has the potential to be a hypocholesterolemic functional food that can improve lipid profiles and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and CVD.
creator: Laksmi Nur Fajriani
creator: Ni Made Wiasty Sukanty
creator: Dea Pratiwi Silpia Putri
creator: Esya Mariska Febriani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Laksmi Nur Fajriani, Ni Made Wiasty Sukanty, Dea Pratiwi Silpia Putri, Esya Mariska Febriani
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1129
ending page: 1135
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1129-1135

Effect of Essential Oil of Tejpat, Black Pepper, and Cardamom as a Natural Food Preservatives for Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Juice
type: item
description: Essential oil of tejpat (Cinnamomum tamala), black pepper (Piper nigrum) and cardamom (Amomum subulatum roxb.) collected by hydro distillation, and were tested as natural food preservative in orange juice (Citrus sinensis). The physiochemical changes such as pH, TSS, acidity, total microbial count, yeast and mold count were evaluated at fix time intervals of 4 hours. for 24 hours. It has been observed that the juice sample infused with black pepper essential oil demonstrated superior preservation of TSS, pH and acidity compared to the other variants. Orange juice supplemented with essential oils maintained the microbial count and yeast and mold count below 100 CFU/ml for up to 24 hours. After 24 hours of storage, all samples surpassed the total microbial count. Among the essential oils, black pepper essential oil demonstrated superior preservation compared to the others.
creator: Sagar Mani Paudel
creator: Bishal Thagunna
creator: Deepa Khadka
creator: Rashmi Baral
creator: Deepa Thapa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sagar Mani Paudel, Bishal Thagunna, Deepa Khadka, Rashmi Baral, Deepa Thapa
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1137
ending page: 1141
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1137-1141

Effect of Different Concentration of SCOBY Kombucha as an Anti-acne Against Staphylococcus aureus in The Ear of Mice (Mus musculus)
type: item
description: SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast) results from symbiosis between yeast and bacteria during fermentation. SCOBY kombucha gel combined with orange peel extract has antibacterial compounds that can inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria. The method in this study was to make variations in the concentration of SCOBY in the gel and inject S. aureus bacteria into the ears of mice. After 2x24 hours, the diameter of the inflammation caused was observed and SCOBY kombucha gel was applied (0%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 10%, and 12%), positive control (Mediclin 1%), and negative control (without gel application). The results showed that the higher the concentration of SCOBY, the faster the healing activity of the gel against S. aureus. SCOBY kombucha gel has the fastest healing activity in inhibiting acne pathogen S. aureus 12% SCOBY gel. Inflammation in the ears of mice treated with 12% SCOBY gel had healed by the 90th hour, while in other groups of mice it had only healed at the last observation hour, namely the 114th hour.
creator: Anggun Putri Ferdyanti
creator: Eva Agustina
creator: Hanik Faizah
creator: Risa Purnamasari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anggun Putri Ferdyanti, Eva Agustina, Hanik Faizah, Risa Purnamasari
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1143
ending page: 1150
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1143-1150

Study of Sperm Utilization in Female Drosophila melanogaster of bdp and btx Strains
type: item
description: This study investigates the patterns of sperm utilization in female Drosophila melanogaster of the bdp and btx strains through sequential mating with multiple males. The research was conducted as a descriptive observational study without experimental manipulation. Females of each strain were crossed with four different males in a specific order, with a two-day interval between each mating. F1 offspring phenotypes were recorded daily over a six-day period following the final mating. Data were analyzed descriptively and supported by somatic chromosome reconstruction to identify the male origin of each offspring. The results indicate that sperm utilization in D. melanogaster females occurs in both random and non-random patterns. Non-random utilization was observed when offspring were produced exclusively from the first male, with no contribution from subsequent males. For example, in the female btx × male N cross, only N female and N male offspring were produced, indicating that sperm from the first male was preferentially used. In contrast, random sperm utilization was evident in later matings, where offspring from multiple males appeared, suggesting that previously stored sperm remained viable and were used alongside or instead of sperm from later matings. These findings highlight the complexity of post-mating sexual selection in D. melanogaster, particularly the role of female sperm storage and utilization mechanisms. The ability of females to either favor the sperm of a particular male or mix sperm from several males may provide evolutionary advantages in terms of genetic diversity and offspring fitness. This study contributes to a better understanding of reproductive strategies and sperm competition in insects, with potential implications for broader studies in evolutionary biology and genetics.
creator: Lisa Savitri
creator: Kharisul Ihsan
creator: Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
creator: Rochmad Krissanjaya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Rochmad Krissanjaya
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1151
ending page: 1157
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1151-1157

Association Between Lip Prints and Blood Groups Among Koya University Students
type: item
description: Lip prints, also known as cheiloscopy, are designs created by the positioning of creases and lines around the red edge of a person’s lip. In forensic science, lip prints can be used for identification just like fingerprints. Blood is categorized into blood groups, sometimes called blood types, according to whether or not specific antigens are present on the surface of red blood cells. The aim of this project was to discover the correlation between lip prints and blood groups. A study involving 334 volunteers aged 18-25, collected at Koya University, used standard blood typing methods to determine their blood groups. Our results discovered a correlation between lip prints and blood groups in females; there is a correlation, but in males, there is not a correlation. The research indicates a correlation between blood groups and lip print patterns, suggesting that lip print traits may be linked to blood groups in females.
creator: Harem Othman Smail
creator: Rezhna Khder Hassan
creator: Helin Omer Ismail
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Harem Othman smail, Rezhna Khder Hassan, Helin Omer Ismail
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1159
ending page: 1163
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1159-1163

Phytochemical Screening and Blood Glucose Response of Red Dragon Fruit Extract in Alloxan-Induced Mice
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which can lead to various complications. Natural products, including red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus), have gained attention for their potential antidiabetic properties due to their phytochemical content, particularly flavonoids. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition of red dragon fruit extract and its effect on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Phytochemical screening was conducted qualitatively to identify the presence of secondary metabolites. Male mice were divided into five groups: a negative control group (no treatment), a positive control group (metformin 10 mg/kg BW), and three treatment groups (T1, T2, T3) receiving red dragon fruit extract at doses of 18.2, 36.4, and 72.8 mg/kg BW, respectively. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (140 mg/kg BW). Treatments were administered orally once daily for 6 days. Blood glucose levels were measured on days 0, 2, 4, and 6. Data were analyzed using the Friedmann test. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins in the extract. Statistical analysis showed no significant reduction in blood glucose levels after administration of red dragon fruit extract at any of the tested doses (p>0.05). Red dragon fruit extract did not exhibit a significant antihyperglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic mice under the tested conditions. This may be attributed to suboptimal dosage, insufficient flavonoid concentration, or a less effective mechanism of action compared to standard therapy. Further studies are needed to optimize the formulation and evaluate its potential using different extraction methods or in combination with other bioactive compounds.
creator: I Gusti Agung Istri Mas Dianti Pratiwi
creator: Ni Putu Ayu Dian Maharani
creator: Ni Made Asthi Pramesti Kirana
creator: Putu Nadya Asti Utari
creator: I Gede Ngurah Bagus Arthayasa
creator: Luh Gde Evayanti
creator: Made Dharmesti Wijaya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 I Gusti Agung Istri Mas Dianti Pratiwi, Ni Putu Ayu Dian Maharani, Ni Made Asthi Pramesti Kirana, Putu Nadya Asti Utari, I Gede Ngurah Bagus Arthayasa, Luh Gde Evayanti, Made Dharmesti Wijaya
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1165
ending page: 1169
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1165-1169

Fragrant Pandan (Pandanus ammaryllifolius) Leaves Ethanol Extract as an Enhancer of Endogenous Antioxidant Defence under High-Fat Diet Conditions
type: item
description: Excessive fat consumption, especially saturated and trans fatty acids, plays a significant role in metabolic disorders such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease through increased oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA), the end product of lipid peroxidation, serves as a biomarker of oxidative damage, whereas indirect bilirubin acts as an endogenous antioxidant. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fragrant pandan leaves ethanol extract (FPLEE) in reducing MDA levels and modulating indirect bilirubin activity in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The experimental method used 24 male Rattus norvegicus divided into six treatment groups: normal control (NC), positive control (C+), negative control (C-), and three FPLEE treatment groups with different doses (8, 16, and 32 mg/200 g BW/day). Administration was carried out for 14 days after 14 days of HFD induction. MDA levels were measured using the ELISA method, while total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were measured using spectrophotometry to determine indirect bilirubin levels. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and the post hoc Bonferroni test. The results showed that there were no significant differences in MDA levels between groups, although the C+ group fed a HFD showed a tendency toward increased MDA. Indirect bilirubin levels increased significantly in the low-dose FPLEE group (8 mg/200 g BW/day), indicating increased endogenous antioxidant activity, while higher doses did not. Thus, FPLEE has the potential to be an effective natural phytopharmaceutical agent in enhancing the body's antioxidant defence against oxidative stress caused by excessive fat consumption, especially at low doses.
creator: Ni Made Wiasty Sukanty
creator: Laksmi Nur Fajriani
creator: I Putu Bayu Agus Saputra
creator: Iptan Ariki
creator: I Ketut Agus Yura Aditya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Made Wiasty Sukanty, Laksmi Nur Fajriani, I Putu Bayu Agus Saputra, Iptan Ariki, I Ketut Agus Yura Aditya, Angeline Devon Venansius
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1171
ending page: 1176
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1171-1176

Effectiveness of Traditional Remedies Pucuk Jarak and Bedak Langeh in Melongas Massage on the Growth and Development of Stunted Toddlers
type: item
description: Stunting is a serious health problem among toddlers, characterized by delayed physical growth due to inadequate nutrition, a history of infectious diseases, low maternal education, and suboptimal parenting. In North Lombok Regency, the prevalence of stunting remained high at 19.3% in 2023. Efforts to address this issue have not only focused on nutritional interventions but also included complementary non-pharmacological therapies, such as melongas massage, which has been traditionally practiced using pucuk jarak and bedak langeh remedies. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of these two remedies on the growth and development of stunted toddlers. A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design was applied, involving 72 stunted toddlers divided into three groups: pucuk jarak, bedak langeh, and control. The intervention was carried out for four weeks with melongas massage administered twice weekly. The measured parameters included body weight, height, appetite, sleep quality, and immune function. The results showed that the pucuk jarak group experienced more significant improvements across all parameters compared to the bedak langeh and control groups. Phytochemical tests supported these findings, showing total flavonoid levels of 53.32 mgQE/g in pucuk jarak compared to 3.58 mgQE/g in bedak langeh. The high flavonoid content is believed to play an important role in improving metabolism, appetite, growth, and immunity in toddlers. Thus, melongas massage using pucuk jarak has the potential to serve as a complementary strategy rooted in local wisdom for accelerating stunting reduction programs in North Lombok.
creator: Widani Darma Isasih
creator: Junendri Ardian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Widani Darma Isasih, Junendri Ardian
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1177
ending page: 1184
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1177-1184

Application of Carbon Nanodots from Cocoa Husk Waste to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Cellulose-Carrageenan-Based Biodegradable Films
type: item
description: Biodegradable films made from natural materials such as cellulose and carrageenan are easily degradable but exhibit poor mechanical properties. Incorporating carbon nanodots (CDs) from cocoa husk waste has the potential to improve their mechanical properties. This study aimed to characterize CDs synthesized from cocoa husk waste and evaluate their mechanical properties of cellulose-carrageenan-based biodegradable films. The research stages include the isolation of cocoa husk cellulose, CDs synthesis, CDs characterization, biodegradable film preparation, and characterization of the mechanical properties of biodegradable films. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the treatment factor of CDs addition at six levels (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%) with three replicates. The results showed that the average size of cocoa husk CDs was 997 nm, and the absorbance peak was detected at 298 nm, validating that the CDs had been successfully synthesized with blue light emission. Incorporating CDs significantly affected the mechanical properties of the biodegradable film. Biodegradable cellulose-carrageenan-based films with the addition of CDs from cocoa husks had a thickness of 0.35–0.64 mm, tensile strength of 2.94–4.20 MPa, elongation of 36.51–63.28%, and elasticity of 6.00–9.45 MPa. The tensile strength and elongation values meet the JIS Z 1707 standard. Higher concentrations of CDs significantly improved tensile strength and elasticity, while reducing the thickness and elongation.
creator: Fitri Nuraini Fadila
creator: Esa Ghanim Fadhallah
creator: Ahmad Sapta Zuidar
creator: Teguh Setiawan
creator: Gustaf Triyoga
creator: Jihan Allya Syahar
creator: Hersan Pratama Ashari
creator: Precillia Regitha
creator: Fathan Khanifadin
creator: Wulan Nur Aisyah
creator: Dea Meranda
creator: Zaskia Rahma Andini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fitri Nuraini Fadila, Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Ahmad Sapta Zuidar, Teguh Setiawan, Gustaf Triyoga, Jihan Allya Syahar, Hersan Pratama Ashari, Precillia Regitha, Fathan Khanifadin, Wulan Nur Aisyah, Dea Meranda, Zaskia Rahma Andini
date: 2025-12-10
publication date: 2025-12-10
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1185
ending page: 1191
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1185-1191

Effectiveness of Antioxidant Compounds in Minaserua Herbal Drink from Bima as a Functional Food on Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Levels
type: item
description: Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are major risk factors for degenerative diseases with increasing prevalence. Minaserua, a traditional herbal drink from Bima made from black glutinous rice, ginger, turmeric, clove, Javanese chili, black pepper, palm sugar, and coconut milk, is rich in bioactive compounds and potentially reduces blood pressure and cholesterol levels. This study employed a pre-post control group design. Participants were divided into an experimental group, receiving Minaserua daily for 2–4 weeks, and a control group, receiving no intervention. Blood pressure and cholesterol levels were measured before and after the intervention. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using the DPPH spectrophotometric method. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests. Minaserua exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC-50 of 41.30 mg/ml. The experimental group showed significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and significant increases in HDL (p < 0.05), along with significant decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). The control group showed no significant changes, except for a marginal increase in HDL. Minaserua herbal drink effectively improves lipid profiles and lowers blood pressure, supporting its potential as a functional food for preventing hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.
creator: Anisah Anisah
creator: Baiq Dewi Sukma Septiani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anisah, Baiq Dewi Sukma Septiani
date: 2025-12-11
publication date: 2025-12-11
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1193
ending page: 1199
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1193-1199

Exclusive Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding on Stunting Children Among 12-24 Months: A Retrospective Study
type: item
description: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding, as well as the incidence of stunting in children between the ages of 12-24 months. An observational analytical study design with a cross-sectional approach was applied to examine the relationship between independent variables (knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding) and the dependent variable (stunting). This study was conducted in the working area of the Kota Tengah Health Center working area. The results showed significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting in children (r: 0.541) with a p-value of 0.000 (p-value < 0.05), as well as a significant relationship between complementary feeding and the incidence of stunting in children (r: 0.332) with a p-value of 0.000 (p-value < 0.05). This study provides valuable information to mothers, highlighting the causes of stunting and promoting preventative measures to minimize its occurrence, such as carrying out consultations at the health care centre with personnel or professionals and addressing cases promptly.
creator: Dewi Modjo
creator: Zuriati Muhamad
creator: Aurelia Intan Sitty Aisyah P.S.P Oei
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dewi Modjo, Zuriati Muhamad, Aurelia Intan Sitty Aisyah P.S.P Oei
date: 2025-12-11
publication date: 2025-12-11
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1201
ending page: 1206
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1201-1206

Evaluating Acute Toxicity of Jamu Cekok in Rats: A Histopathological Approach Based on OECD 425
type: item
description: Jamu cekok, an Indonesian traditional medicine to increase children appetite, has not passed preclinical or clinical trials. The rhizomes that make up jamu cekok such as pakai bahasa latinnya contain ethyl p-methoxycinnamate which is toxic, thus potentially harmful to the children. Therefore in this study we aim to determine the Lethal Dose (LD50) value of jamu cekok using the OECD 425 method as well as to observed the histopathological change in the liver in female Rattus norvegicus L. This study used an analytical experimental design with the OECD 425 method to test the acute toxicity of jamu cekok. The test rats used were in accordance with the OECD 425 protocol with an additional 2 negative control rats. Jamu cekok in the form of decocta were given once on the first day of the acute toxicity test and observed for 14 days. On the 15th day, rats were euthanized, dissected, and hepatic organs were taken to make histopathological preparations with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Analysis of hepatic damage was assessed using Histopathology Scoring Manja Roenigk and tested by Kruskal Wallis method. The results showed the LD50 value of decocta extract of jamu cekok was >5000 mg/kgBB. Observations of body weight, behavioral tests, organ index, and macroscopic hepar of test rats showed no signs of toxicity. However, The statistical analysis for histopathology test showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the negative control group and the 5000 mg/kgBB treatment group. In conclusion, the administration of jamu cekok was categorized as practically non-toxic but it can caused reversible hepatic damage at a dose of 5000 mg/kgBB.
creator: Michelle The
creator: Puji Astuti
creator: Siti Aisyah
creator: Hadi Kurniawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Michelle The, Puji Astuti, Siti Aisyah, Hadi Kurniawan
date: 2025-12-11
publication date: 2025-12-11
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1207
ending page: 1217
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1207-1217

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Favipiravir and Oseltamivir Antiretroviral Covid-19 Patients in Bogor Cisarua Lung Hospital
type: item
description: Favipiravir is a type of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor. Favipiravir is converted by host enzymes to T-705-ribofuranosyl 5-triphosphate and may act as a nucleotide analogue that selectively inhibits viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or causes lethal mutagenesis upon insertion into viral RNA without cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Oseltamivir is part of the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) group which has a mechanism of action by inhibiting viral neuraminidase. Most of the alternative therapies for Covid-19 require pharmacoeconomic studies, especially regarding cost-effectiveness analysis which is useful in balancing patient expenses by determining treatment alternatives that represent the best health outcomes at a more affordable cost. The aim of this study was to compare the cost effectiveness of the antiretrovirals Favipiravir and Oseltamivir. This research method used a descriptive analytic cross-sectional design and data collection was carried out retrospectively from the medical records of Covid-19 sufferers while detailed data on medical expenses were obtained from the finance department of inpatients at Cisarua Pulmonary Hospital, Bogor for the period September-October 2022. Sample of 80 patients consisted of 40 patients using Favipiravir and 40 patients using Oseltamivir. The parameters used in this research are direct medical costs (which include doctor visit costs, treatment room costs, laboratory costs and drug costs) while the effectiveness uses a negative RT PCR value. The results showed that in patients using Favipiravir with an average length of treatment 6.525 days, the total cost was Rp. 9,930,327/patient and Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (RP/day/patient) Rp. 1,521,899.195, whereas in patients using Oseltamivir with an average length of treatment 7.925 days, the total cost was IDR. 12,368,397/patient and Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (Rp/day/patient) IDR. 1,560,681,009. It can be concluded that Favipiravir is more cost effective than Oseltamiv…
creator: Ani Rahayu
creator: Dwi Puspita Sari
creator: Lukluk Utami Ningsih
creator: A. Triwildan ST Fatimah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ani Rahayu, Dwi Puspita Sari, Lukluk Utami Ningsih, A. Triwildan ST Fatimah
date: 2025-12-11
publication date: 2025-12-11
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1219
ending page: 1223
doi: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1219-1223