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Formulation and Characterization Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) of Ethanolic Extract of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum l.) Leaves
Abstract
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum l.), especially the leaf part, contains large quantity of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoid, tannin, and quercetin. Oral administration is considered the most convenient route for medicines. However, several studies reported the lack of absorption rate of the extract when it is given orally. To increase its bioavailability, a strategy is required and SNEDDs (Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems) emerges to answer the challenge by facilitating the less water-soluble substances and alleviates its potential to permeate through lipid system of the body tissue. Therefore, the aim of the study is to formulate and characterization the SNEDDs of ethanolic extract of Rambutan leaves. The Rambutan leaves was extracted using 70% ethanol as solvent through maceration continued by rotary evaporation and freeze-dried. The solubility test for premixture concentrate (Smix) suggested Caprylic Acid/Capryol® 90 as oil phase, Tween® 80/Cremophor® RH-40 as surfactant and Propylene Glycol/PEG-400 as co-surfactant. The formulas were evaluated for its visual appearance, droplets particle size, Z-potential, and physiochemical stability. Extract yield reached 7,85%. Only Formula F1 (Caprylic Acid, Tween® 80, Propylene Glycol/PEG-400) and F6 (Capryol® 90, Cremophor® RH-40, Propylene Glycol/PEG-400) have met the standard size of SNEDDs particle (23,86 and 43,62 nm). Zeta potential measurement for Formula F1 and F6 were within the range of negative charge (-7,381 and -9,822 mV). Stability test demonstrated homogenous appearance without phase separation.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.2061-2070
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