Email this article 
Phytochemical Analysis and Bioactivity Evaluation of Ethanolic Exctract of Ironwood (Fagraea fragrans Roxb.) Leaves
Abstract
Ironwood (Fagraea fragrans Roxb.) has been widely used by the community as a medicinal plant, as well as a cosmetic ingredient. Various parts of the ironwood plant are used for health due to the content of metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, saponins, quinones, and tannins. In an effort to determine the bioactive metabolite compounds, an analysis was carried out on the ethanol extract of Ironwood leaves using GC-MS. The analysis revealed 131 peaks, with 79 corresponding to identified compounds. Five principal dominant compounds were identified: cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Erythocentaurin, and 5-Benzofuranacetic acid. Most of the metabolite compounds in Ironwood leaves exhibit bioactivity as antioxidants, antimicrobials (antibacterial, antifungal), antivirals, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiandrogens, antidiabetics, and other bioactivities. Based on the metabolite compounds and bioactivity, ironwood leaves have great potential to be developed as a source of medicinal and cosmetic ingredients.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdulhafiz, F., Mohammed, A., Fatimah, K., Matcha, B., and Zulhazman, H. (2020). Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity, Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Properties and GC-MS Analysis of Keladi Candik (Alocasia longiloba Miq). Molecules. 25 (2658): 1-14.
Abubakar, M, N., and Majinda, R, T. (2016). GC-MS Analysis and Preliminary Antimicrobial Activity of Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach) and Pterocarpus angolensis (DC). Medicines. 3(3): 1-9.
Adeyemi, and Modupe, M. (2023). GC-MS Analysis of Methanol Extracts of Phragmanthera incana Leaves from Guava, Mango, Cashew and Kolanut Trees. Medical and Health Sciences European. 7(1): 1-9.
Aktepe, B, P., Elif, F., Yesim, A., and Saliha, K. (2024). Chemical Components of Different Solvent Extracts of Asclepias curassavica L. and Antibacterial Effect of the Extracts on Tomato Pathogens. BIO Web of Conferences. 85: 1- 11.
Al-Gara’awi, N, I., Nidaa, A, A., khansa, A, A, S., dan Zina, K, A, B. (2019). Analisis Senyawa Fitokimia Bioaktif (Cyperus alternifolius L.) dengan Menggunakan Kromatografi Gas – Spektrometri Massa. Konferensi IOP. Seri: Ilmu dan Teknik Material. 1-19.
Amier, Y, A, E., Nouf, S, Z., and Ahmed, M, A, E. (2023). Bioactive Chemical Constituents of Matthiola longipetala Extract Showed Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Potency. Separations. 10(52): 1-17.
Anand, B, G., Thomas, C, K, N., and Prakash, S. (2016). In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Talaromyces Flavus SP5 Inhabited in the Marine Sediment of Southern Coast of India. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines. 14(12): 0913-0921.
Andila, P, S., Hendra, P, A., Putri, K, W., I Gede, T., Sutomo., and Deden, F. (2018). The phytochemistry of Cymbopogon winterianus Essential Oil from Lombok Island, Indonesia and its Antifungal Activity Against Phytopathogenic Fungi. Nusantara Biosience. 10(4): 232-239.
Alrabie, A., Dinore, J, M., Samreen, F., Vidya, P., Mazahar, F. (2022). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Investigation of Bioactive Compounds and Bioassay of Leaves of Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper. Chemical Science. 12(8): 1-5.
Ardi, L. (2019). Manfaat Omega-3 Parenteral di Dunia Medis. CDK Edisi Farmasi. Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal. 46. 12-15.
Bahera, P., and Balaji, S. (2021). The Forgotten Sugar: A Review on Multifarious Applications of Melezitose. Carbohydrate Research. 500: 1-8.
Banihani, S, A. (2018). Role of Uric Acid in Semen. Biomolecules. 8(65): 1-8.
Baradael, K., Geurs, S., Dorien, C., Karolien, D, B., and Matthias, D. (2022). Carboxylic Acid Bioisosteres in Medicinal Chemistry: Synthesis and Properties. Journal of Chemistry. 1-21.
Basir, D., Rachmat, A., Julinar., and Eliza. (2024). Utilization of Antioxidant Fagraea fragrans fruit as Phytocosmetics. Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry. 9(1): 41-47.
Bazan, D, L., Rio, P, G, D., Jose, M, D., Sandra, C, D., Juan, C, M., and Nelson P, G. (2022). The Chemical, Microbiological and Volatile Composition of Kefir-like Beverages Produced from Red Table Grape Juice in Repeated 24-h Fed-Batch Subcultures. Foods. 31127 (11): 1-27.
Belakhdar, G., Benjouad, A., and Abdennebi, E, H. (2015). Determination of Some Bioactive Chemical Constituents from Thesium humile Vahl. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. (10): 2778-2783.
Bertel, L., Sanchez, S, C, M., and Fernando, M, O. (2021). Terapi Laser Foto-Termal Karsinoma Epitel menggunakan Nanopartikel Emas Terkonjugasi Asam Pterin 6 Karboksilat. Ilmu Fotokimia & Fotobiologi. 1-12.
Boiteux, J., Monardez. C., Maria, L. A, F., Magdalena, E., Pablo, P., and Maria, F, S. (2018). Larrea Divaricata Volatilome and Antimicrobial Activity Against Monilinia fructicola. Microchemical Journal. 142: 1–8.
Chen, W., Matushita, T., Dimitri, S, Heithem, B., Andrea, V., Erik, C, B., and David, C. (2014). Synthesis, Antiribosomal and Antibacterial Activity of 4-O-Glycopyranosyl Paromomycin Aminoglycoside Antibiotics. Medicinal Chemistry Communications. 1-21.
Chibuzo, O, U., and Augustine, O, A. (2020). Chemical Information from GCMS Analysis of Acetone-Ethanol Extract of Piper guineense Leaf. Part 2. Communication in Physical Sciences. 5(4): 470-481.
Christopher, D, T., Willie, I, E., Itohowo, O, A., and Ekemini, T, D. (2022). Antioxidant Activity and Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Telfairia occidentalis Leaves Using GC-MS Analysis. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. 16(03): 775–788.
Cvetkotvic, S., Nastasijevic., Dragan, M, C., and Biljana, N. (2020). New Insight Into the Antigenotoxic Activity of Gentiana lutea Extracts – Protective Effect Against Food Borne Mutagens. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 858-860.
Dewi, N, A, K., and Subarnas, A. 2018. Efektivitas Beberapa Jenis Tanaman sebagai Antivirus Flu Burung (Avian Influenza). Farmaka. 16(1):1-12.
Diana, F.M. (2013). Omega 3 dan Kecerdasan Anak. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 7(2): 82-88.
Duraisamy, M., and Selvaraju, R. (2020). Analysis of Chemical Compounds by Using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrum Analysis, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Saweed Ulva flexuosa Wulfen (Green Algae). Aegeum Journal. 8(10): 1437-1457.
Ekawati, C, J, K., Singga, S., Agustina., dan Edwin, M, M. (2022). Peningkatan Pengetahuan Masyarakat Kelurahan Manulai II Tentang Pemanfaatan Daun Kelor. Lopo Elokot. 1(1): 9-12.
Ernawati, T., Lotulong, P, D, N., Megawati., Galuh, W., Andini, S., Minarti., Akhmad, D., Arthur, L dan Hanafi, M. (2018). Bioaktivitas Alkaloid Senyawa Turunan Alkaloid Kinkona. Argosains dan Teknologi. 3(2): 87-96.
Fakhriah., Eka, K., Adriana., and Rusydi. (2019). Sosialisasi Bahaya Radikal Bebas dan Fungsi Antioksidan Alami bagi Kesehatan. Jurnal Vokasi. 3(1): 1- 7.
Fisher, J, S. 2004. Environmental anti-androgens and male reproductive health: focus on phthalates and testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Reproduction. 127: (3). 305-315.
Fu, J., Hang, Y., Qianglan, G., Yanan, W., Hui, X., Jinyue, L., and Yan, W. (2023). Metabolic Transformation of Gentiopicrin, a Liver ProtectiveActive Ingredient, Based on Intestinal Bacteria. Molecules. 28(7575): 1-16.
Garcia-Oliveira P, Otero P, Pereira AG, Chamorro F, Carpena M, Echave J, Fraga-Corral M, Simal-Gandara J, and Prieto MA. Status and Challenges of Plant-Anticancer Compounds in Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021 Feb 14;14(2):157. doi: 10.3390/ph14020157. PMID: 33673021; PMCID: PMC7918405.
Grisard, E., Nevo, N., Arianne,L., Sebastian, D., Maxiime, C., and Cotilde, T. (2021). Homosalate Boosts the Release of Tumour-derived Extracellularvesicles with Protection Against Anchorage-loss Property. Research Article. 11: 1-23.
Gunasena, M, D, K, M., Senarath, W, T, P, S, K. (2023). Phytochemical Analysis of Stevia rebaudiana using HPLC and GC-MS. Research Square. 1-20.
Idan, S, A., Marzoqi, A, H., and Imad, (2015). Spectral Analysis and Anti-bacterial Activity of Methanolic Fruit Extract of Citrullus Colocynthis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Acade,ic Journals. 14(46): 3131-3158.
Ilic, V., Vukmirovic, S., Nebojsa, S., Ivan, C., Milan, A., and Boris, M. (017). Insight Into Anti-diabetic Effect of Low of Stevisiode. Biomedicine and Pharmacotheraphy. 90: 216-221.
Isdaryanti, Amaliah, N., dan Nusyamsi, S, Y. (2023). Profiling Kandungan Senyawa Hasil Fermentasi Kombucha Langsat dengan Metode GC-MS. Bioma. 5(2): 39-46.
Jaddoa, H, H., Hammed, I, H., and Ghaidaa, J, M. (2016). Analysis of Volatile Metabolites Released by Staphylococcus aureus using Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry and Determination of its Antifungal Activity. Orient. J. Chem. 32(4): 2107-2116.
Jaradat, N, Ghanim, M., Murad, N, A., Amay, R., Boushra, K., Ruba, A., Ahmed, M., and Mohammad, A. (2021). Chemical Compositions, Antibacterial, Antifungal and Cytotoxic Effects of Alhagi Mannifera Five Extracts. Research Article. 1-9.
Jimmoh, T, A., Tukur, A, R., Nasiru, M, M., Rukkaya, M, O., and Maryam, I. (2022). Phytochemical and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis of Ethyl Acetate Root Extract of Indigofera diphylla. Advanced Journal of Chemistry-Section B. 5(2): 173-183.
Kamal, S, A., Hamzah, L, F., and Imad, H, H. (2015). Antibacterial Activity of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Alternaria alternata. African Journal of Biotechnology. 14(43): 2972-2994.
Katzung, B.G. 2002. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik, Edisi 2. Jakarta : Salemba Medika.
Khan, I, H., and Javaid, A. (2023). Identification of Pharmaceutically Important Constituents of Quinoa Root. Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16(1): 96-102.
Khromykh, N, O., Lykholat, Y, V., Didur, T, V., Sklyar, V, R., Davydov, K, V., and Lavrentieva, T, Y. (2022). Phytochemical Profiles, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Actinidia Polygama and A. arguta Fruits and Leaves. Biosystms Diversity. 30(1): 39–45.
Komalasari O, Maryani S, Juairiyah O. (2019). Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Desa Bakung dalam memanfaatkan Resam (Gleichenia linearis), Seduduk (Melastoma malabathricum) dan Tembesu (Fagraea fragrans) yang Tumbuh di Tanah Bergambut sebagai Obat Herbal. Presented at Seminar Nasional Lahan Suboptimal. 354-359.
Kotteswari, M., Prabhu, K., Mudiganti, R, K, R., Mahitha, P, T, K., Balaji., Shruti, D., Lakshmi, R, S. (2019). The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry study of one Ayurvedic medicine Ashtachurnam. Research Article. 13(5): 663-667.
Kumar, D., Singh, L., Reena, A., Sudesh, K., and Pushpa, D. (2019). GC-MS Analysis and Phytochemical Screening of Methanolic Fruit Extract of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 8(3): 3360-3363.
Kumari, Soni, Verma, Deepak, Kumar, and Dinesh. (2019). Extraction and Identification of Volatile Bioactive Compounds of Aspergillus niger and its Efficacy Against Insect Pest, Dudercus Koenigii (Heteroptera Pyrrhocoeudae). Biochemical & Cellular Archives. 19(1): 1-8.
Kusuma, M, A., dan Putri, N, A. (2020). Review: Asam Lemak Virgin Coconut Oil(VCO) dan Manfaatnya untuk Kesehatan. Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Agribisnis. 4(1): 93-107.
Lin, C, H., Wei, P, C., Chen, C, M., Huang, Y, T., Lin, J, L., Lo, Y, S., Lin, J, L., Lin, C, Y., Wu, Y, R., Chang, K, H., and Chen, G, J, L. (2020). Lactulose and Melibiose Attenuate MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease in Mice by Inhibition of Oxidative Stress, Reduction of Neuroinflammation and Up-Regulation of Autophagy. Original Research. 12 : 1-12.
Liu, X., Yawen, L., Pan, L., JIangfan, Y., and Youying, T. (2021). Chemical Characterization of Wuyi Rock Tea with Different Roasting Degrees and Their Discrimination Based on Volatile Profiles. Royal Society of Chemistry. 11: 12074-12085.
Lutfiyanti, R., Ma’ruf, F, W., and Dewi, E. N. (2012). Aktivitas Antijamur Senyawa Bioaktif Ekstrak Gelidium latifolium terhadap Candida albicans. Jurnal Pengolahan dan Bioteknologi Hasil Perikanan. 1(1): 1-8
Marzoqi, A, H., Hadi, M, Y., and Imad, H, H. (2016). Determination of Metabolites Products by Cassia angustifolia and Evaluate Antimicobial Activity. Academic Journal. 8(2): 25-48.
Mishra, D, N., Gomare, K, S., dan Sheelwant, S, V. (2020). GC-MS Analysis and Phytochemical Screening of Indigofera tinctoria (Linn.) Leaf Extract Characterizing its Medicinal Use. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine. 11 (2): 289-299.
Modal, S., and Rahaman, C, H. (2020). Studies in Pharmacognostic Characters of the Climber Erycibe paniculata Roxb. of Convolvulaceae. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 8(2): 112-125.
Mohammed, G, J., Jassani, M, J, A., and Imad, H, H. (2016). Anti-bacterial, Antifungal Activity and Chemical Analysis of Punica grantanum (Pomegranate peel) Using GC-MS and FTIR Spectroscopy. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 8(3): 480-494.
Nahar, N., Rahman, M, S., Shaikh, M, R., and Muhammad, M. (2016). GC-MS Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Trigonella foenum graecum against Bacterial Pathogens. Free Radicals and Antioxidants. 6(1): 109-113.
Nasrudin, Wahyono, Mustofa, dan Ratna, A, S. (2017). Isolasi Senyawa Steroid dari Kukit Akar Sengugu (Clerodendrum serratum L.Moon). PHARMACON Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi. 6(3): 332-340.
Nikham and Taty E.B. 2012. Uji Baku Antibakteri dari Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Sceff) Boerl.) Hasil Iradasi Gamma dan Antibiotik Terhadap Bakteri Patogen. Prosiding Pertemuan Ilmiah Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Bahan. Serpong,pp. 168-174.
Nurasmi, dan Susanti. (2019). Analisis Potensi Asam Lemak Omega 3, Omega 6 dan Omega 9 dari Rumput Laut Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) pada Peningkatan Nutrisi Balita. Jurnal Borneo Saintek. 2(1): 31-36.
Novilda, C, A., Tutik, and Selvi, M. (2022). Analisis Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Metanol Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L.) menggunakan metoda GC-MS .
Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Farmasi Indonesia. Vol. XI, No. 2, Oktober 2022
Nugraha, R, M., and Nurhasanah, N, A. (2018). Review: Metode pengujian Antidiabetes. Farmaka. 16: (3): 28-34.
Nunes, E, A., and Rafacho, A. (2016). Implications of Palmitoleic Acid (Palmitoleate) On Glucose Homeostasis, Insulin Resistance and Diabetes. Current Drug Targets. 17(5): 1-11.
Obszynski J, H. Loidon, A. Blanc, J.-M. Weibel, P. Pale. (2022) Targeted modifications of neomycin and paromomycin: Towards resistance-free antibiotics?. Bioorganic Chemistry.126.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105824.
Octarya, Z., Nugroho, T, T., Yuana, N., and Saryono. (2022). Molecular Identification, GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Thermophilic Bacteria Derived from West Sumatra Hot-Spring Indonesia. Hayati Journal of Biosciences. 29(4): 549-561.
Oganezi, N, C., and Onyejekwe, A, F. (2022). Identification of Fatty Acids and Other Compounds in Coconut Oil Extracted by Different Methods Using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry. Asian Basic and Applied Research Journal. 7(1): 41-48.
Oneyma, C, T., and Ajiwe, V, I, E. (2014). Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Analysis of the Stems of Cola Gigantea (Sterculiacea). The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES). 3(4): 1-11.
Oyelowo, O, T., Aisoni, J, B. Morenikeji, O, A., dan Bolarinwa, A, F. (2020). A Comparative Study of the Separation and Chemical Composition of Unfermented, Fermented and Chloroform Extracts of Ripe Carica papaya Seeds (Homestead Variety). Bioscience Research Journal. 32(2): 97-103
Paju N, Yamlean PV, Kojong N (2013). Uji Efektivitas Salep Ekstrak Daun Binahong (Anredera cordifolia Steenis.) pada Kelinci (Oryctolagus cuniculus) yang Terinfeksi Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmacon 2(1):51–61.
Patterson, T., Rivolo, S., Daniel, B., Jan, S., and Simon, R, R. (2021). Physiological Impact of Afterload Reduction on Cardiac Mechanics and Coronary Hemodynamics Following Isosorbide Dinitrate Administration in Ischemic Heart Disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. 14: 962–974.
Parthipan, B., Suky, M, G, T., and Mohan. (2015). GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in Pleiospermium alatum (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Swingle, (Rutaceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 4(1): 216-222.
Putra, M, D, H., Putri, R, M, S., Yulia, O., dan Aidil, F, I. (2020). Karakteristik Asam Amino dan Asam Lemak Bekasam Kerang Bulu (Anadara antiquate) di Desa Benanan Kabupaten Lingga. Marinande. 3(2): 160-167.
Rao, M, R, K., Ravi, A., Shridhar, N., Prabhu, K., Shruthi, D., Guru, R., and Kotteswaran, N. (2016). Antioxidant Study and GC MS Analysis of an Ayurvedic Medicine ‘Talisapatradi Choornam’. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 36(1): 158-166.
Rattanaburi, S., Kaikaew, K., Watanapokasin, R., Phongpaichit, S., and Wilawan, M. (2020). A New Lignan From The Stem Bark of Fagraea fragrans Roxb. Journal of Natural Product Research. 1-6.
Rudia, A, F., Dwi, H, A., Negara, B, R, A., and Radwa, G. (2023). Omega-3 Memiliki Banyak Manfaat: Apakah Bisa Melawan Kanker?. Jurnal Kedokteran Unram. 12(2): 217-221.
Sadeghi, M., Khormartasha, M, S., Sattar, G, F., Mahmoud, V., Farhad, M, K., dan Parham, T. (2022). ?-glucosidase inhibitory, antioxidant activity, and GC/MS analysis of Descurainia sophia methanolic extract: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 15: 1-15.
Sana, N., Javaid, A., and Amna, Shoaib. (2017). Antifungal Activity of Methanplic Sxtracts of Allelopathic Trees Against Sclerotium rolfsiu Sacc. Bangladesh J. Bot. 46(3): 987-993.
Sathish, S., Rajesh, P., Kala, A., and Kandan, P. (2020). Spectroscopic And Theoretical Studies On1,1'- Bicyclopropyl]-2-Octanoic Acid, 2'-Hexyl-, Methyl Ester. International Journal of Science and Technology Research. 9(4): 3577-3584.
Sari, B, A., Eddy, M, S., dan Irsan, S. (2023). Aktivitas Tumbuhan Tembusu (Cyrtophyllum fragrans (Roxb.) DC.) Sebagai Tumbuhan Obat; Literature Review Article. Oceana Biomedicina Journal. 6(2): 199-206.
Sebastianelli, L., Ledonne, A., Maria, C, M., Giorgio, B., and Nicola, B, M. (2008). Inhibitor Penghambat Pembawa Asam Amino 2-aminobisiklo [2.2.1]Asam heptana-2-karboksilat (BCH) berkurang Respon yang Ditimbulkan oleh Dopa pada Neuron Dopaminergik di Substansia Nigra Pars compacta. Neurologi Eksperimental. 212: 230-233.
Shankari, C., Sharmila, D., Prabhu, K., Rahul, K., Mudiganti, R, K, R., Parijatham, S., Shruti, D., and Lakshmi, R, S. The Gas Chromatography–mass Spectrometry Analysis Study of One Ayurvedic Medicine, Madhukasavam. Research Article. 13(5): 681-685.
Shareef, H, K., Muhammed, H, J., Haider, M, H., and Imad, H, H. (2016). Antibacterial Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Roscoe and Bioactive Chemical Analysis using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrum. Orient. J. Chem. 32(2): 817-837.
Tameme, H, J, A., Hameed, I, H., Salah, A., and Mohammed, Y, H. (2015). Biochemical Analysis of Origanum Vulgare Seeds by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Academic Journal. 7(9): 221-237.
Thangavelu, D., Thiagasundaram, T., Thanigavelan, V., Kaliyamurthi, V., Elansekaran, S., and Jegadeesan, M. (2012). Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies on Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. Hairy Variant. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research. 2(3): 143-147.
Tyagi, T., and Agarwal, M. (2017). Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Constituents in the Ethanolic Extract of Pistia stratiotes L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) solms. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 6(1): 195-206.
Valle, P, D., Armesto, M, R, G., Dolores, D, A., carmen, G, D., Pablo, R, F., and Javier, R. (2016). Antimicrobial Activity of Kaempferol and Resveratrol in Binary Combinations with Parabens or Propyl Gallate against Enterococcus faecalis. Food Control. 61: 213-220.
Vasanthakumar, K., Dinneshkummar, G., dan Jayaseelan, K. (2019). Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Analysis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of Avicennia marina. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 9(4-A):145-150.
Vijayalingam, T, A., and Rajesh, N, V. (2019). Seagrasses as Potential Source of Fodder for Livestock: Complete Proximate and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis. Annals of Phytomedicine. 8(2): 93-98.
Wahyudi, B, E., Salni and Setiawan, A. (2022). Antioxidant Activity of Tembesu (Fagraea fragrans Roxb.) Leaf. BIOVALENTIA: Biological Research Journal. 8(2): 96-102.
Wyson, J, W., Deventhiran, M., Saravanan, P., Anand, S., and Rajarajan, S. (2016). Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Extract of Eclipta prostrata (L.) by GC-MS Method. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 7(1): 272-278.
Zameer, A., Samar, A., Gumeena., and Rasool, B, T. (2022). Identification of Volatile Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Ebenus stellata. GU. J. Phytosci. 2(4): 214-222.
Zebey, V, Z., Adienbo, O, M., Ojeka, S, O., and dapper, D, V. (2022). Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Present in Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Solanun aethiopicum (L). International Journal Researcj of Biology Science. 5(1): 1-9.
Zuhri dan Dona. (2021). Penggunaan Alkohol untuk Kepentingan Medis Tinjauan Istihsan. Jolsic. 9(1): 40-49.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.575-584
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mutiara Anggraini, Harmida Harmida, Juswardi Juswardi, Nina Tanzerina
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry |
|
